10/05/2017
, For those using الزيرو
1-Cognition
Cognitive and learning processes
Cognition is the process of acquiring and understanding knowledge through our thoughts, experiences, and senses.
Learning involves acquiring knowledge through experience, study, or being taught. If you think that these two concepts are awfully similar, you're right. Both are inexorably linked - learning requires cognition and cognition involves learning.
Cognitive processes are the processes that result in learning.
The Different Cognitive Processes
The information that you are paying attention to has to be put into memory in a process called storage. There are three levels of memory through which information must travel to be truly learned. Let's say that for the first time you hear that the capital of the state of Oregon is Salem. This information is now in your sensory register, which holds everything you are exposed to for just a second or two. By the end of this sentence, you may have already forgotten the capital of Oregon.
If you pay attention and reread the sentence, however, that information will move from the sensory register into short-term memory. This area of your memory will hold information anywhere from 20 seconds up to a minute. If you rehearse the information, such as repeating it to yourself, taking notes or studying it, it has the chance to move to your long-term memory. This area will hold information indefinitely and has an unlimited capacity. The challenge, as we shall see, can be in finding things in there.
2-Materials
Teaching materials
1.Materials are anything which is used by teachers or learners to facilitate the learning of a language.
2. Classification
• By purpose• By format• By creator
Classification• By purpose• By format• By creator
• By purpose: Instructional and Authentic
• By format: Paper-based ,audiovisual and electronic
• By creator: Commercial and in -house.
3.The role of materials (Cunningsworth, 1995) A source for presentation (spoken or written) A source of activities for learner practice and communicative interaction A reference source for learners on grammar, vocab., pronunciation, and so on. A source of stimulation and ideas for classroom activities A source for syllabus A support for less experienced teachers who have not yet gained confidence in teaching.
4. Authentic vs Artificial Materials Authentic materials are Any materials which are not designed for learning and teaching purposes like: Magazines, newspaper, TV broadcasts, recorded real telephone conversation, photographs.... Artificial Materials are Any materials which are designed and intended for learning and teaching purposes like Textbooks, CDs for listening, and the like
5.Adopting, developing & adapting
Adopting: Selecting existing materials
Developing: Creating your own materials
Adapting: Selecting and making adjustments to materials.