21/09/2026
Every neuron carries a signal. What changes from one to the next is the shape, and the shape tells you what that cell does and where in the nervous system it sits.
There are five classic types. Unipolar neurons have a single process doing all the work, and they're essentially an invertebrate design. Bipolar neurons have one dendrite in and one axon out, with the soma sitting right in the middle of the signal path, which is what you find in the retina, the olfactory epithelium and the cochlear and vestibular ganglia. Pseudounipolar neurons send out one process that immediately splits into a peripheral and a central branch, leaving the cell body off to the side so the signal bypasses it. Those are the cells of your dorsal root ganglia, carrying touch, pain, temperature and proprioception.
Multipolar neurons, one axon and many dendrites, are by far the most common. Their dendritic trees are wide enough to collect thousands of synapses, and they include the cortical pyramidal cells, cerebellar Purkinje cells, motor neurons and interneurons that do the actual integrating. Anaxonic neurons are the outliers, with processes so alike you cannot tell the axon from the dendrites, and they mostly work on graded potentials instead of firing action potentials.
One worth remembering for exams: when a text labels human sensory ganglion cells "unipolar", what it usually means is pseudounipolar.
📚 Want all five laid out properly? This guide covers the structure, location and function of each type, with labelled illustrations, a video tutorial and quizzes to test yourself: https://khub.me/7z3brq