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In 1957, it was possible to pass through the Bundestag the "Law against Restriction of Competition", which created real prerequisites for the development of small and medium-sized businesses. By the beginning of the 1960s, West Germany's GDP had almost tripled compared to 1950. The average annual economic growth rate was 10%, and unemployment was only 1%.

The concept of social market economy was formed in post-war Germany, in an atmosphere of general chaos. Germany had lost a quarter of its pre-war territory and was divided into occupation zones. Production at the beginning of 1948 barely reached half the level of 1936. Huge human losses, a population demoralized by war and devastation, 12 million refugees, worn-out real capital, destroyed infrastructure - this is by no means a complete list of the disasters of post-war Germany. A twofold task had to be solved: to determine the boundaries and methods of state influence on the country's economy within such limits that the foundations of the market economy would not be destroyed by a strong state.

Under these conditions, in 1992-1993, following the Baltic States and Ukraine, Russia took unilateral measures to protect its monetary system. The culmination in July 1993 was the introduction by the Bank of Russia of new ruble banknotes into cash circulation to replace the Soviet money with the image of Lenin, which continued to be in circulation in Kazakhstan, the Central Asian republics and Transcaucasia. Probably the hardest blow for the population of these countries was that the Soviet ruble turned out to be a non-convertible currency, and people could not use the exchange offices of Russian banks to exchange this money for U.S. dollars or European currencies.

Negotiations on the creation of a single ruble zone took place in 1992-1993 under conditions of the most severe political time pressure, because without solving this issue it was impossible to adopt a clear program for building a market economy in the CIS countries. As the world experience shows, the creation of a monetary union between countries requires a deep economic and market culture, realization of one's own responsibility for the state of the single currency and readiness to make certain compromises for the sake of maintaining common principles. And in the conditions of the acute economic crisis that struck the transitional market economies of the CIS countries in the early 1990s, the governments of our countries failed to agree on joint actions to maintain the normal functioning of the single system of circulation of the "union" ruble.

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He began by making a list of 12 virtues that he believed the ideal person should possess. He then concentrated on practicing one of these virtues per week. For all seven days, he continually improved in that virtue, whether it was moderation, tolerance, calmness, or anything else. Having made the necessary habits a part of his character, he practiced them for a fortnight, then for three weeks, and finally for a month.

I tried to figure out what was the reason that made my father hate me so much and so persistently, nagging me and blaming me for everything that happened in the house. He came from Sicily as a young man, uneducated, virtually illiterate, and very poor. His own father was a tyrant who cursed and beat him. My father was 25 years old when he married my mother. She had just turned 15 at the time, and her mother was not too happy with her daughter's marriage to my father. No one has ever told me what happened in those days, but the feud that started between my father and my mother-in-law, my mother's mother, never ended as long as he remained alive. My father would not allow any of us, including my mother, to have any relationship whatsoever with my grandmother - even when she lived in the same semi-detached house. My mother used to sneak down to the basement sometimes and talk to her through the partition. Oh, and I used to visit her, too, because we were very close friends, probably because of the feelings my father had for all of us. Every time my father found out that I was seeing his bitter enemy, there would be noise, beatings, yelling, and cursing again.

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