Analytica - Centro de Estudos

17/02/2026

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DTudo1Pouco

06/02/2026

27/01/2026

PRÉMIO JÚLIO DE CARVALHO 2026
Participa

03/01/2026

Scientists May Have Discovered Why We Gained Consciousness.

Two new papers from Ruhr University Bochum that shift the classic “how” question of consciousness to a more evolutionary “why.”

The first paper, by philosophers Albert Newen and Carlos Montemayor, proposes the ALARM theory, which frames consciousness as three graded levels rather than an all-or-nothing trait: basic arousal, general alertness, and reflexive (self-)consciousness.

Basic arousal is described as an evolutionarily ancient “alarm system” that sensitizes organisms to life-threatening dangers. General alertness builds on that by enabling organisms to detect and learn correlations—from simple cues like smoke indicating fire to more abstract, scientific relationships. At the highest level, reflexive consciousness introduces a sense of self extended across past and future, allowing individuals not just to perceive their environment, but also to register and evaluate aspects of themselves in relation to it.

The second paper, led by neuroscientists Onur Güntürkün and Gianmarco Maldarelli, applies this graded framework to birds, challenging the stereotype of the “bird brain.” Despite very different brain architecture from mammals—birds lack a prefrontal cortex but possess a highly interconnected nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL)—the researchers argue that many bird species reach surprisingly high levels on the ALARM scale. Experiments such as the “mirror-audience test” with roosters show that these animals can distinguish themselves from conspecifics and adjust their alarm calls accordingly, suggesting sophisticated information processing and self–other differentiation.

References (APA style)

Newen, A., & Montemayor, C. (2025). The ALARM theory of consciousness: A multi-level account of arousal, alertness, and reflexive self-consciousness. *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences*.

Güntürkün, O., & Maldarelli, G. (2025). Levels of consciousness in birds: Evidence from behavior and avian brain architecture. *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences*.

17/12/2025

Caros pais e encarregados de educação,

Entre 20 de Dezembro de 2025 e 6 de Janeiro de 2026 decorre a Pausa Letiva do 1º Trimestre.

Durante o período de férias o Centro funcionará normalmente, excepto aos sábados em que não abre. O Centro funcionará de segunda a sexta-feira, de manhã e à tarde nos horários habituais. Para além dos sábados, o Centro estará encerrado nos dias 24, 25 e 31 de Dezembro e nos dias 1 e 2 de Janeiro.

Durante este período, como já é habitual, os alunos irão proceder à resolução de todos os te**es sumativos e fichas formativas que fizeram durante o 1º Trimestre. Desta forma assimilam e cimentam a matéria dada durante 1º Trimestre.

O Centro retomará o seu funcionamento normal a partir do dia 7 de Janeiro, com o início das aulas do 2º Trimestre.

10/12/2025

09/12/2025

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08/12/2025