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PRÉMIO JÚLIO DE CARVALHO 2026
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Scientists May Have Discovered Why We Gained Consciousness.

Two new papers from Ruhr University Bochum that shift the classic “how” question of consciousness to a more evolutionary “why.”

The first paper, by philosophers Albert Newen and Carlos Montemayor, proposes the ALARM theory, which frames consciousness as three graded levels rather than an all-or-nothing trait: basic arousal, general alertness, and reflexive (self-)consciousness.

Basic arousal is described as an evolutionarily ancient “alarm system” that sensitizes organisms to life-threatening dangers. General alertness builds on that by enabling organisms to detect and learn correlations—from simple cues like smoke indicating fire to more abstract, scientific relationships. At the highest level, reflexive consciousness introduces a sense of self extended across past and future, allowing individuals not just to perceive their environment, but also to register and evaluate aspects of themselves in relation to it.

The second paper, led by neuroscientists Onur Güntürkün and Gianmarco Maldarelli, applies this graded framework to birds, challenging the stereotype of the “bird brain.” Despite very different brain architecture from mammals—birds lack a prefrontal cortex but possess a highly interconnected nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL)—the researchers argue that many bird species reach surprisingly high levels on the ALARM scale. Experiments such as the “mirror-audience test” with roosters show that these animals can distinguish themselves from conspecifics and adjust their alarm calls accordingly, suggesting sophisticated information processing and self–other differentiation.

References (APA style)

Newen, A., & Montemayor, C. (2025). The ALARM theory of consciousness: A multi-level account of arousal, alertness, and reflexive self-consciousness. *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences*.

Güntürkün, O., & Maldarelli, G. (2025). Levels of consciousness in birds: Evidence from behavior and avian brain architecture. *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences*.

Caros pais e encarregados de educação,

Entre 20 de Dezembro de 2025 e 6 de Janeiro de 2026 decorre a Pausa Letiva do 1º Trimestre.

Durante o período de férias o Centro funcionará normalmente, excepto aos sábados em que não abre. O Centro funcionará de segunda a sexta-feira, de manhã e à tarde nos horários habituais. Para além dos sábados, o Centro estará encerrado nos dias 24, 25 e 31 de Dezembro e nos dias 1 e 2 de Janeiro.

Durante este período, como já é habitual, os alunos irão proceder à resolução de todos os te**es sumativos e fichas formativas que fizeram durante o 1º Trimestre. Desta forma assimilam e cimentam a matéria dada durante 1º Trimestre.

O Centro retomará o seu funcionamento normal a partir do dia 7 de Janeiro, com o início das aulas do 2º Trimestre.

ICCA - Instituto Caboverdiano da Criança e do Adolescente

“The role of a teacher is to facilitate learning. That’s it.” In this clip from his TED Talk How to Escape Education’s Death Valley, Sir Ken Robinson explains how the dominant culture of education has drifted away from teaching and learning… and toward testing. Standardised tests have a place, just as medical tests do. But they’re meant to diagnose, not define. They should support learning, not obstruct it. Instead of cultivating curiosity, imagination, and real understanding, we’ve created a culture of compliance - where children (and teachers) are expected to follow routines instead of explore possibilities. Sir Ken reminds us of something essential: Human life is inherently creative. Education’s role is to awaken that creativity, not standardise it. And it doesn’t have to be the way it is. Change starts when people begin imagining alternatives. 👇 Inspired by the life and work of Sir Ken Robinson? Want to be part of a movement continuing his work? Comment TCR to get your first month free inside The Creative Revolution - a global community inspired by Sir Ken Robinson where people come together to support creativity, nurture human potential, and build the grassroots change he believed in.