Iqra Tutorial

10/01/2026

Quick chemistry breakdown: Understanding ketones and IUPAC naming. Save this post for your next study session and tell me if this made sense to you.

10/01/2026

A quick guide to primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols. Save this post for your next study session and let me know if this cleared things up!

09/29/2026

Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes are hydrocarbons, they contain only Carbon and Hydrogen. They are classified according to the type of Carbon-Carbon bonds they contain.

09/28/2026

👉 ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

A "functional group" is a specific atom or group of atoms in an organic compound that determines its "characteristic chemical properties and reactions". Organic compounds are often classified according to the functional groups they contain.

| Funct. group| Gen. form. | Example| Name |
--------------------------------------------------------
| Alkene | C=C | CH₂=CH₂ | Ethene
| Alkyne | C≡C | CH≡CH | Ethyne
| Halo group | –X (F, Cl, Br, I) | CH₃Cl | Cl-methane
| Alcohol | –OH | CH₃OH | Methanol
| Ether | –O– | CH₃–O–CH₃ | Dimethyl
Ether
| Aldehyde | –CHO | CH₃CHO | Ethanal
| Ketone | >C=O | CH₃COCH₃|Propanone
| Carboxylic acid | –COOH | CH₃COOH | Ethanoic
Acid
| Ester | –COOR | CH₃COOCH₃ | Methyl
Ethanoate
| Amine | –NH₂ | CH₃NH₂ | Methylamine
| Amide | –CONH₂ | CH₃CONH₂|Ethanamide

👉 Importance of Functional Groups

Functional groups are important because they:

1. Determine the "chemical behavior and reactivity" of organic compounds.
2. Help in "naming and classifying" organic compounds.
3. Influence physical properties such as "boiling point, solubility, and polarity".
4. Allow chemists to predict the types of "chemical reactions" a compound can undergo.

For example, ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH) contains the –"OH" alcohol group, while ethanoic acid (CH₃COOH) contains the "–COOH" carboxylic acid group. Although both contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, their functional groups give them very different properties.

09/01/2026