Soulingua

Soulingua

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Short, targeted, efficient, and interesting English lessons for ESL students, primarily business ESL

12/23/2025

This verse is a compact illustration of one of the most discussed irregularities in English orthography: the extreme phonological variability of the sequence –ough.

From a historical-linguistic perspective, –ough is not a single sound but a spelling fossil. In Middle English, these words once contained related back-vowel sounds, often accompanied by a velar or uvular fricative /x/ or /ɣ/ (similar to the sound in German Bach). Over time, English underwent major phonological changes, including the loss of these fricatives, vowel shortening or lengthening, diphthongization, and the effects of the Great Vowel Shift; while the spelling remained largely frozen.

As a result, a single orthographic sequence now corresponds to multiple phonemic realizations, as shown in the examples below.

12/17/2024
10/23/2024

everyone whom you suspect may be fake, is

09/09/2024

Know the difference.

08/31/2024

One person's birthday suit is another's rainwear.

08/31/2024

Where the Hands go, the Eyes should follow,
Where the Eyes go, the Mind should follow,
Where the Mind goes, the Emotions are generated.

“Yatho Hasta thatho Drishti, Yatho Drishti thatho Manah
Yatho Manah thatho Bhaava, Yatho Bhaava thatho Rasa.”

https://x.com/Vadicwarrior/status/1405059445705502721?lang=en

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