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Verbs in Russian, the infinitive

Let's dive into the world of Russian verbs! Every word that can be modified in Russian has an initial form, and for verbs, that's the infinitive. The infinitive is the form of the verb that you'll find in the dictionary, and it only denotes an action, state, or process without giving any information about time, gender, person, or number.

When we use a verb in its infinitive form, it answers two questions: "what to do?" and "what to do with it?" For example, "бегать" means "to run," while "побегать" means "to have a run."

The infinitive is formed by adding a suffix to the base of the verb.

▶ The most common suffixes are -ть/-ться, -ти, and -чь/-чься.

▶ Suffixes -ть/-ться are used when they're preceded by a vowel suffix, such as in "лежать" (to lie) or "слежаться" (to clod).

▶ Suffix -ти is used when there's a consonant letter in front of it, like in "грести" (to scull) or "трясти" (to shake).

▶ And finally, the endings -чь/-чься are used in verbs like "печь" (to bake) or "печься" (to care for).

Remember that the suffix -ти is usually stressed, except when the verb has a prefix like in "прийтѝ" (to come) or "вы̀йти" (to leave), where the stress falls on the prefix instead.

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Basic Russian phrases: basic Russian phrases for everyday 🗣 conversations

Whether you're planning to travel or need Russian for work, it's always better to be prepared than caught off guard without a common language. That's why we've compiled a list of 100 basic Russian phrases that will come in handy for everyday conversations.

🗣Key Russian phrases
Here are some phrases that will be useful in your daily life. You'll find greetings, farewells, and even a few small talk examples in this section.

Доброе утро! Good morning!
Добрый день / вечер! Good afternoon / evening!
Здравствуйте! Hello!
Привет! Hi!
Как дела? How are you?
Хорошо! Спасибо! I’m fine! Thank you!
Пожалуйста! Please / You are welcome!
Не за что! My pleasure!
До свидания! Goodbye!
Пока! Bye!
Увидимся! See you later!
Хорошего дня! Have a good day!
Простите / извините! Sorry!
Ничего страшного! It’s OK!
Как вас зовут? What is your name?
Приятно познакомиться. Nice to meet you.
Меня зовут … My name is …
Откуда вы? Where are you from?
Вы говорите по-…? Do you speak …?
Говорите медленнее, пожалуйста! Speak slower please!
Не понимаю. Повторите, пожалуйста! I do not understand. Please repeat!
Пожалуйста, напишите это!Please write this!
Помогите, пожалуйста! Help me, please!
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🗣Signs
Here you will find inscriptions and symbols that can be found on various information signs.
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Вход/ Entrance
Выход/ Exit
Запасной выход/ Emergency exit
От себя/ Push
На себя/ Pull
Туалет/ Toilet
М (abbreviation of «Мужчины»)/ M
Ж (abbreviation of «Женщины»)/ F
Свободно Free/available
Занято/ Occupied
Не работает/ Закрыто Close
Не курить/ No smoking
Частная собственность/ Private property
Вход воспрещен/ Не входить No entry
Перерыв/ Break
Служебное помещение/ Service room
Место для курения/ Smoking area

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No in Russian ⛔

There are various ways to express denial or disagreement in Russian, depending on the situation and level of formality.

▶ The most common way is to use the word "нет" (net), which can be used alone or with other words. It is appropriate for any situation and with any person.

▶ To refuse something politely, you can use the phrase "нет, спасибо" (net, spasibo), which means "no, thank you."

▶ If you strongly disagree with someone, you can use the phrase "конечно нет" (konechno net), which means "of course not."

▶ In informal conversations with friends or close relatives, you can use the colloquial version of "нет," which is "не" (ne) or "не-а" (nea).

▶ Finally, the expression "да нет" (da net) is used to convey impatience, irritation, or indignation and can mean "not really," "not at all," or "well, no."

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Russian nouns 👇

Learning Russian nouns is a crucial step in building your vocabulary. Nouns are divided into animate and inanimate, with the former naming people and animals, and the latter naming inanimate objects and plants.

Additionally, most Russian nouns are categorized as masculine, feminine, or neuter, with different endings indicating their gender.

Masculine nouns typically end in -й, -а or -я, zero endings, or, while feminine nouns end in -а or -я, zero endings, and neuter nouns end in -o or -e.

Some words can be both masculine and feminine depending on the context, and the words combined with them will change their gender. It's important to understand the gender of a noun to use it correctly in a sentence.

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Thank you 🤗 : 9 ways to express gratitude in Russian

Expanding your vocabulary is a step towards achieving fluency in Russian. There are several ways to express gratitude in Russian, and it's important to know them to communicate effectively.

▶ Спасибо! / Большое спасибо!
This is the most popular way to say thank you in Russian. Both options are used informally, but the latter is pronounced more emotionally when you want to highlight something for which you thank the other person.

Pronounce it like [спас̀иба / spas̀iba] / [бал’ш̀ойэ спасиба / bal’sh̀oye spasiba].

The English equivalent is “Thank you! Thanks! / Thank you a lot! Thanks a lot! Thank you so much!“

Example: What a beautiful dress! — Thank you (Спасибо), I made it myself. / Thank you so much (Большое спасибо) for such a wonderful gift!

▶ Спасибочки! / Спасибки!
It is used between close friends when you want to add tenderness to your gratitude.

Pronounce it like [спас̀ибачки /spasibachki] / [спас̀ибки / spas̀ibki].

The English equivalent is “Thanks!“

Usage example: Thanks (Вот спасибочки) for such an invitation! I will be glad to see everyone!

▶ Спс!
This is an abbreviated version of the phrase thank you. It is used mainly between friends only in writing: on the Internet or in SMS.

Pronounce it like [эспээс / espees].

The English equivalent is “Thx!“

Usage example: I sent you new pictures. — Thx (Спс)!

▶ Благодарю!
This word is used in a formal setting or when you want to especially emphasize your gratitude, express your special approval. In books, especially in classic novels, you can find another option — “Благодарствую! [blagadarstvuyu]“. It means the same thing, though has a slightly stronger emotional connotation.

Pronounce it like [благадар’̀у / blagadar’̀u].

The English equivalent is “I’m grateful!“

Usage example: I’m grateful (Благодарю) for your attention! It was a great pleasure for me to speak before you today.

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Russian Slang Words To Help You Speak Like A Local 😊

To speak like a local, it's essential to understand the slang words commonly used in daily conversations. Here are some frequently used Russian slang words to get you started:

▶ Бабки [babki] – “Money”
This word means “money” or “bucks” and is mostly used in casual talk. It is also used by criminals both large and small.

▶ Тусить [tusit'] – “To hang out”
This verb means “to hang out” or “to party”. Most Russians love hanging out with their friends or family.

▶ Чувак/Чувиха [chuvak/chuviha] – “Dude”
These words mean “dude” and “dudette”. Чувак can also mean “guy”, “pal”, “mate”, and so on, while чувиха can also mean “gal”.

▶ Чёрт [chiort] – “Devil”
This word is more commonly used as an exclamation similar to “Shoot!” or “Damn!”.

▶ Хавать [havat'] – “To eat”
This verb means “to eat” and takes on a more casual form as a slang word.

▶ Грузить [gruzit'] – “To bore with too much talking”
This word means “to overload mentally” or “to bore with too much talking” or “to confuse”.

▶ Бомба [bomba] – “Amazing”
This word means “amazing” or “the bomb” when used casually.

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Words ПОТОМУ and ПОЭТОМУ 👌

When starting to learn Russian, it's important to become familiar with the rules of pronunciation. One key aspect is the palatalization of consonants, which produce a soft sound when accompanied by certain vowels. Additionally, Russian has voiced and voiceless consonants, with various rules for when they switch between the two. Vowel reduction is also important to note, as some vowels change sounds depending on their stress position.

The adverb "Потому" means "for this reason", while "Поэтому" means "that is the reason why". While there is no significant difference between the two in a simple sentence, "Поэтому" emphasizes the reason more strongly. It's important not to mix up different parts of speech, such as the adjectives with prepositions "По тому" and "По этому". Additionally, "потому" can be seen as part of the conjunction "потому что", which is used to explain the reason in compound sentences.

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Russian reading rules 📚

To begin learning Russian, it's helpful to familiarize yourself with the rules of pronunciation:
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▶ Palatalization of consonants: Most Russian consonants produce a palatalized or soft sound when they come before the letters е, ё, и, ю, я, and ь. For a complete list of sounds that form these soft sounds when accompanied by vowels, consult a phonetics resource.
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▶ Voiced and voiceless consonants: Like all languages, Russian has voiced and voiceless consonants. When your vocal cords vibrate during pronunciation, this produces a voiced sound. The absence of this produces a voiceless sound. This does not mean that the letter has no sound; it simply means that it sounds more like a whisper, such as saying "s" instead of "r." There are various rules for when consonants are voiced and voiceless, but in Russian, the second consonant of the pair is always the determining factor.
⠀ - Voiced consonants б, в, г, д, ж, з always become voiceless at the end of words, before the last soft sound, and when they come before voiceless consonants.
⠀ - Voiceless consonants п, ф, с, т, ш, and к always become voiced when they come before б, г, д, ж, з.
⠀ - Consonants р, л, м, н, and й are always voiced.
⠀ - Consonants ц, ч, щ, and х are always voiceless.
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▶ Vowel reduction: Russian words are typically long and do not feature stress marks. The problem is that there are no general rules for the placement of stress marks, and changing the stress mark can alter the grammatical meaning of the word. Some vowels change sounds depending on whether they are in stressed or unstressed positions. The letters е, о, э, and я change sounds when stressed or unstressed. For example, о can sound like a or ə, while э sounds like [i]. Е and я can sound like и or 'ə.

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Russian Time 🕖

There are two questions that you might hear people use when asking about time:
▶ Который час? - Katoryi chas? - What time is it?
▶ Сколько сейчас времени? -v Skol’ka sichas vremeni? - What time is it now?
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The first question literally means “which hour is it now?” In reply to it people might give you an approximate time, like “it is the first hour” – which is the time between 12 and 1 o'clock.
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If you would like to know the exact time, use the second question or a slightly more formal version:
▶ Вы не знаете, сколько сейчас времени? - Vy ni znaete, skol’ka sichas vremini? - Do you know what time it is?
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And you may get as an answer…
▶ Да, конечно - Da, kaneshna - Yes of course…
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▶ 8 часов - Vosim’ chisof - It is 8 o'clock.
▶ девять тридцать - Devit’ treetsat’ - It is nine thirty.
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▶ десять пятнадцать - Desit’ pitnatsit’ - It's ten fifteen
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You might also hear:
▶ Пятнадцать минут одиннадцатого - Pitnatsit minoot adeenatstava - Quarter past ten
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▶ Без четверти час - Bis chetvirti chas - It is quarter to one
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▶ Нет, извините - Net, izvineeti - No, sorry
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Some time phrases in Russian are expressed in not quite the same way as in English. But you can keep it simple for now by revising the words for 1 o'clock to 12 ‘o’clock’ which are:
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Час (Chas), часа (chisa) and часов (chisof)
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Час / часа / часов - Chas / chisa / chisof - O'clock
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▶ Час is used with 1 e.g.:
один час - odeen chas - One o'clock
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▶ Часа is used with 2,3 and 4 e.g.:
Два часа - dva chisa - Two o'clock
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▶ Часов is used with 5 to 12 e.g.:
пять часов - pyat’ chisof - 5 o'clock
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Сколько сейчас времени? - Skol’ka sichas vremini? - What time is it?
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Сейчас три тридцать - Sichas tree treetsat’ - It's three thirty
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Половина четвëртого - Palaveena chitvyortava - It's half past three
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Который час? - Katoryi chas? - What time is it?
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Час пятнадцать - Chas pitnatsat’ - It's one fifteen
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Четверть второго - chetvirt’ ftarova - It's a quarter past one

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Происхождение русского языка

Русский язык является одним из самых древних языков мира, его корни уходят в глубь веков и связаны с восточнославянскими племенами, которые жили на территории современной России.

Первые письменные упоминания о русском языке относятся к IX веку, когда князь Рюрик и его сподвижники основали государство, которое стало известно как Киевская Русь.

С развитием Киевской Руси и появлением централизованной власти, русский язык стал более устойчивым и начал формироваться в отдельный языковой диалект.

В XIII веке на территории Московского княжества русский язык стал государственным языком и начал активно развиваться.
В XVI веке в России была создана первая печатная машинка, что привело к распространению письменности и унификации языка. С началом XVIII века русский язык стал официальным языком Российской империи, что привело к его дальнейшему развитию и распространению.

Сегодня русский язык используется в качестве официального языка в России, Беларуси, Казахстане и Киргизии и является одним из шести официальных языков ООН.

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