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Quartier Polytech 1, All. De La Découverte 9

31/08/2026

[Eye on China] The Lab Spending Gap: China Outspends Europe on Labs by 70 Percent

According to the OECD's March 2026 figures, China's R&D expenditure reached approximately €890 billion in 2024, surpassing the United States at €873 billion, while the EU-27 stood at only about €527 billion. China overtook Europe more than a decade ago. What is new is that it has now overtaken the United States. Meanwhile, EU R&D expenditure has fallen from around 70% of the US level in 2014 to roughly 60% today.

But the trillion-euro number is not what concerns me most. It is what decades of sustained spending leave behind. Laboratories, instruments, experimental platforms, researchers, technicians, PhDs, datasets, suppliers, industrial partnerships, and accumulated expertise. China has sustained extraordinarily rapid R&D growth for decades, allowing universities and institutes to accumulate scientific capacity rather than repeatedly build it around short-term projects.

Another comparison is revealing. Indicatively, China now has more than €264,000 of R&D expenditure per researcher, compared with more than €232,000 in the EU. China is therefore combining an enormous scientific workforce with increasingly deep resources behind each researcher. We can already see the technological consequences. China generates more than half of the world's granted AI patents, with Stanford's latest comparable figure around 70%, while also leading in AI publications and citations.

This is why the recent AEF info and Le Grand Continent debate at ENS-PSL caught my attention. Jean-François Huchet, president of Inalco, argues that China is no longer simply a manufacturing power. It has become a place where science itself is created, with an exceptional ability to move from university research to industrial application. A laboratory generates experiments, experiments produce prototypes, prototypes enter industry, and industrial problems return to the laboratory. Lab → experiment → prototype → industry → lab.

China remembers its own technological catch-up and understands the danger of separating science from manufacturing. A €2 million experimental facility surrounded by PhDs, researchers, technicians, suppliers, manufacturers, and companies is therefore not simply €2 million of equipment. Over twenty years, it becomes an innovation ecosystem. Scientific capacity compounds.

China also benefits from an enormous STEM workforce and the return of internationally trained Chinese scientists, while increasingly offering researchers laboratories, startup budgets, teams, and infrastructure. And behind all this is another major advantage: continuity. China connects research, infrastructure, education, industrial policy, and talent through long-term national planning. Europe operates through changing governments, political priorities, framework programs, calls, and funding cycles. A laboratory cannot be switched off for five years and magically reconstructed when priorities change again. A lost laboratory means lost people, skills, data, networks, and years.

China is also beginning to reduce its historical dependence on Western institutions for scientific recognition, giving greater importance to domestic journals and national research priorities. The next stage may therefore be not only to compete within a Western-centered scientific system, but also to increasingly build its own scientific institutions and standards.

A semiconductor researcher needs fabrication facilities. A materials scientist needs characterization equipment. A building scientist needs climate chambers. An AI researcher needs computing infrastructure. Ideas matter, but ideas need somewhere to become science.

So perhaps Europe needs another indicator alongside publications, citations, ERC grants, patents, and rankings:

How much permanent scientific capacity are we actually building?

China: €890 billion. United States: €873 billion. EU: €527 billion. China/EU: 1.7:1. China: €264,000+ per researcher versus €232,000+ in the EU. These are not simply spending numbers. Laboratories accumulate. Equipment accumulates. People, skills, data, and industrial relationships accumulate.

Eventually, a spending gap becomes a laboratory gap.

And a laboratory gap becomes a scientific power gap.

Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators, March 2026; AEF info x Le Grand Continent, ENS-PSL, July 7, 2026.

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28/08/2026

[Special Issue] Advancing Urban Air Quality, Green Spaces, and Microclimate Science

📢 NEW DEADLINE | More time to contribute!

🌍 How can we make our cities cooler, healthier, and more resilient?

We are pleased to announce that the submission deadline for our Atmosphere Special Issue has been extended to 31 October 2026:

🌿 Urban Air Quality, Green Spaces, and Microclimate Analysis

If you are working at the intersection of urban climate, air quality, green infrastructure, sustainable cooling, and human health, we would be delighted to hear from you.

🔬 We particularly welcome research on:

🌡️ Urban heat, microclimate & thermal comfort 🌳 Green and blue infrastructure & nature-based solutions 💨 Air quality, urban ventilation & pollutant exposure 🛰️ Earth observation & high-resolution urban mapping 📡 Field measurements, mobile sensing & monitoring networks 💻 ENVI-met, CFD, UCMs & coupled modeling 🤖 Machine learning & environmental data fusion 📊 Calibration, validation & uncertainty quantification ❤️ One Health & climate-health interactions

Why now? Cities are simultaneously facing more intense heat, deteriorating air quality, and increasing climate risks. We need stronger links between measurement, modeling, experimentation, and urban action.

The Special Issue already features studies on PM2.5 source dynamics, human bioclimatic comfort, and AI-based high-resolution air-quality estimation, and we are looking forward to expanding this international research community.

📅 NEW submission deadline: 31 October 2026

🔗 Special Issue & submissions: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/atmosphere/special_issues/6X13Z16DP3

Together with my co-Guest Editor Dr. Mariella Aquilino, I warmly invite researchers worldwide to submit their work.

The call is also closely connected to the scientific agenda of IEA EBC Annex 97 Sustainable Cooling in Cities, where we are advancing approaches for urban cooling KPIs, microclimate assessment, experimentation, and climate-appropriate cooling strategies.

Peter Holzer | Philipp Stern | Vincenzo Corrado | Anna Laura Pi***lo | Ronnen Levinson | Priya Rajagopalan | Dahai Qi | Chen Zhang | Abhishek G. | Theofanis Psomas | Michael Bruse | Emmanuel Bozonnet | Tove Malmqvist | Jianlei Niu | Edward Ng | Baojie He | Chao Cen | Liangzhu Leon Wang | Xudong Zhao | Zhuangbo Feng | Junqi (Alan) Wang | Yuming Guo | Mohamed Elhadi Matallah | Dyna Zitouni | Tianyi Wang

👉 Do you have a manuscript, dataset, methodology, or case study that could contribute? We would be very happy to hear from you.

🔁 Please share this call with colleagues and research groups who may be interested.

27/08/2026

[Webinar NL] Comfort voorbij de norm: hoe menselijk gedrag gebouwsimulatie en energiegebruik

🌡️ Wat als de grootste onzekerheid in gebouwsimulatie niet het gebouw is, maar de mens?

We ontwerpen steeds efficiëntere gebouwen. Maar zelfs het beste simulatiemodel bevat een bijzonder moeilijk voorspelbare parameter: de gebruiker.

Hoe warm willen mensen het werkelijk hebben?

Wanneer passen ze hun kleding aan?

Wanneer veranderen ze het setpoint?

En hoeveel energie kunnen we besparen door niet alleen het gebouw, maar ook adaptatie en sufficiëntie mee te nemen?

🔔 IBPSA-NVL Lunchwebinar | Comfort voorbij de norm: hoe menselijk gedrag gebouwsimulatie en energiegebruik beïnvloedt

📆 Donderdag 10 september 2026

🕧 12:30 – 13:30 CEST

🌐 Online

🎙️ Drie perspectieven, één centrale vraag: hoe brengen we de mens beter in onze gebouwmodellen?

• Carolina Recart | bewonerspraktijken, verwarmingsgedrag en sufficiëntie bij renovaties

• Hannah Pallubinsky | dynamisch binnenklimaat, thermische adaptatie, gezondheid en veerkracht

• Luca Maton | comfort-KPI’s, EN 16798-1 en kledingadaptatie in woningen

💡 Een setpoint is geen bewoner. Een comfortband is geen gedrag.

De keuzes die bewoners maken beïnvloeden comfort én energiegebruik. Dat maakt occupant behavior steeds belangrijker voor gebouwsimulatie, ontwerp en beleid.

➡️ Inschrijven: https://lnkd.in/ewjJ7qvR

🌐 IBPSA-NVL: https://www.ibpsa-nvl.org

👥 Met het IBPSA-NVL bestuur en netwerk:

Struck | Saxion Hogeschool
Plokker | VITEC Software
Loonen | TU Eindhoven
Attia | Université de Liège
Declercq | Archipelago & KU Leuven
Decock | Daidalos Peutz
Deutz | Halmos Adviseurs
de Jonge | Universiteit Gent
Maas | Actiflow

📣 Ken je iemand die werkt rond gebouwsimulatie, thermisch comfort of bewonersgedrag? Tag die persoon hieronder of deel het webinar binnen je netwerk.

24/08/2026

[Examiner] Dr. Iliassou Salou Nouhoun at Institut 2iE in Burkina Faso

Last June, I had the privilege of serving as an examiner for the PhD defense of Dr. Iliassou Salou Nouhoun at Institut 2iE in Burkina Faso.

I came away from the defense thinking about a question that matters far beyond Burkina Faso:

What if Europe has something important to learn from construction systems developed under conditions of heat, material scarcity, and severe affordability constraints?

Iliassou's thesis, “Analyse multicritère des matériaux de construction et des bâtiments au Burkina Faso : outils d'aide à la conception,” does more than compare construction materials. It connects embodied carbon, operational energy, thermal comfort, local resources and life-cycle cost.

And the numbers deserve attention.

His work finds that lower-carbon cements using local mineral additions can reduce carbon impacts by 32–36%. Earth-based masonry can have impacts 2 to 18 times lower than conventional cement blocks. At building level, earth-based wall systems reduced simulated cooling demand by 5–20%, while also improving thermal comfort. Some solutions simultaneously reduced whole-life carbon and cost.

But perhaps the most important contribution is not any single percentage.

It is the way of thinking behind them.

For decades, much of sustainable construction has followed a sequence:

improve energy efficiency → decarbonize energy → reduce embodied carbon.

Climate change is making that sequence insufficient.

We increasingly need to ask several questions at the same time:

How much carbon did the material require? How does it behave during a heatwave? Can the building remain habitable without continuous mechanical cooling? Where did the material come from? Can local industries actually produce it? And can households afford the solution over its lifetime?

This is becoming a very European question.

Under the revised EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, Europe is entering the era of whole-life carbon regulation. Life-cycle GWP disclosure starts for large new buildings in 2028 and expands to all new buildings in 2030.

Meanwhile, rising temperatures are turning overheating from a Mediterranean issue into a European building-performance challenge. The European Environment Agency is already calling for greater emphasis on passive cooling and buildings capable of protecting occupants during heatwaves.

Here, research from the Sahel becomes unexpectedly relevant.

Not because Europe should simply copy Sahelian construction.

Knowledge transfer is not copying solutions. It is transferring principles.

One such principle is that thermal mass, air movement, material choice and occupant adaptation form a system. Another is that a material should not be judged only by kilograms of CO₂ per kilogram. Its mechanical performance, thermal behavior, durability, transport, replacement, energy consequences and cost all matter.

A third lesson may be even more fundamental:

There is no truly meaningful LCA without meaningful local data.

Iliassou developed a national life-cycle inventory methodology precisely because imported generic databases can poorly represent local electricity, transport, manufacturing and supply chains.

Europe has far richer environmental databases, but the underlying lesson still applies. As whole-life carbon enters building regulation, the quality and geographical representativeness of environmental data will increasingly determine the quality of the decisions we make.

Perhaps the intellectual exchange between Europe and Africa in sustainable construction should therefore become more reciprocal.

Europe can contribute regulation, industrial capacity, simulation tools and mature environmental assessment frameworks.

African researchers and practitioners are developing knowledge about building with fewer resources, designing for extreme heat, exploiting locally available materials, and balancing carbon with affordability.

In a warming and resource-constrained world, those are not peripheral questions.

They may be among the central questions of architecture in the 21st century.

Congratulations to Dr. Iliassou Salou Nouhoun, his supervisor Prof. Adamah Messan, his co-supervisors, and the entire LEMHaD / Institut 2iE team.

Serving on this jury reminded me why international academic exchange matters: sometimes the greatest value is not transferring a technology from one place to another, but allowing research from another context to change the questions we ask at home.

📚 Read about Dr. Iliassou Salou Nouhoun work: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/2/471

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20/08/2026

🏗️ [Teaching] Building Technology Under Carbon Constraints: What We Will Teach This Semester

A new semester is approaching, and I have been reworking our Building Technology teaching material at ULiège around a question that is becoming impossible to avoid:

How should we teach construction when carbon becomes a design constraint?

The figure summarizes part of the shift. Two houses can provide essentially the same function and architectural program, yet the decisions we make about foundations, structure, and envelope can lead to very different embodied-carbon outcomes. For students, this changes the meaning of a construction detail. A wall section is no longer only about how to build it. Students need to understand what it is made of, why its layers are there, how they work together, how it can be assembled and eventually disassembled, and what environmental burden those decisions entail. 🌲 From learning components to understanding systems

This semester, our course Techniques de construction durable des bâtiments 1A will focus primarily on timber, lightweight and hybrid construction, including timber frames and OSB, CLT, post-and-beam systems, timber floors, and combinations of timber with concrete, steel or masonry where these make technical sense. Students will repeatedly return to three fundamental interfaces:

foundation + wall → wall + window → wall + roof

At every interface, they will ask whether the solution simultaneously addresses:

A. Structure: Can it carry the loads?

B. Water: Can it keep water out?

C. Heat: Is the insulation continuous?

D. Air + moisture: Are airtightness and v***r transfer properly controlled?

E. Carbon + materials Could the same function be achieved with lower-impact, bio-based, recycled or more circular materials?

These five requirements form the backbone of the semester.

🧱 Timber does not mean forgetting masonry
This is important. Students still need to understand brick, concrete blocks, concrete slabs, mineral insulation and conventional Belgian construction. But increasingly, we want them to be able to compare systems rather than reproduce the system they already know.

What happens if a concrete or masonry structure becomes timber?

2. What happens if conventional insulation becomes cellulose, wood fiber, h**p or straw?

3. Where are the carbon savings actually coming from?

4. And where does a low-carbon solution create new challenges for moisture, fire, acoustics, durability, detailing, or constructability?

The goal is not to teach students that timber is good and concrete is bad. The goal is to give them enough building science to make informed choices.

📐 New course material, new book
We are therefore developing a new generation of teaching material, together with work toward our new book on construction and circularity. The material connects construction drawings, 3D assemblies, physical models, building science, and environmental impact rather than treating them as separate subjects. Students will work with four practical assignments, moving through structure and load paths, construction systems, envelope and openings, and physical/model-based representation. We are also introducing the critical and transparent use of generative AI. Students will be able to take a corrected construction detail, describe its layers and materials, and use image generation to explore how that technical solution can be communicated visually. The prompt and method must be documented.

AI should not replace knowing how a wall works. It should make it even more important to know when an apparently convincing image is technically wrong.

👷 And construction cannot be learned only from slides
This semester we will also connect the classroom more closely with the construction sector through practical work, case studies, and visits. This educational question has interested me for a long time. Since my studies in the United States, I have been a member of the Society of Building Science Educators (SBSE), a community that brings together educators concerned with how environmental science and building performance are taught in architecture and the built environment. Society of Building Science Educators (SBSE)

We need to teach not only operational energy, but also embodied carbon, material choices, circularity, adaptability, and construction logic.

🎓 The educational challenge
Our students graduating around 2030 may still be practicing architecture and engineering in 2060 or 2070. So teaching them only today's standard construction details is not enough. They need the fundamentals that allow them to understand why a detail works, and the critical capacity to redesign it when materials, regulations, climate conditions, and carbon limits change. For me, that is increasingly what building technology education should be about:

not teaching students one correct way to build, but teaching them how to make technically sound construction decisions in a carbon-constrained world.

I would be very interested to hear from fellow building science and construction educators:

What have you changed in your construction curriculum because of embodied carbon and circularity?

📚 Learn more about the 101 Building Technology course: https://www.programmes.uliege.be/cocoon/20262027/en/cours/ARCH3275-1.html

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17/08/2026

[Article] Tourism-related short-term migration for heat adaptation

What if, during the next extreme heatwave, staying in the city is no longer the safest option?

We usually think about heat adaptation as something we do to cities: plant trees, add shade, create cooling centers, redesign streets, improve buildings, or install air conditioning. But people adapt too. Sometimes, they leave. Our study in Human Settlements and Sustainability explores an emerging response to extreme urban heat: tourism-related short-term migration to cooler places.

In Chongqing, one of China's hottest megacities, escaping summer heat for nearby mountains is becoming more than tourism. For some people, it is a form of climate adaptation. And this raises a deeply human question: When a city becomes unbearably hot, who has the freedom to leave, and who has to stay?

We surveyed 768 residents of Chongqing. More than 70% reported severe impacts on outdoor activities, 68% on transportation, and heat also substantially disrupted work, sleep, and diet. The results reveal something striking:

• 41.4% had migrated to cooler areas for heat relief. Among those migrating, 241 traveled within Chongqing and 176 traveled to other provinces.

• Heat itself was not the whole story. Perceived heat severity and emotional responses did not significantly explain migration decisions.

• Instead, the ability to escape heat was strongly shaped by gender, age, education, income, job flexibility, access to information, and adaptation awareness and knowledge.

• Income buys options. Job flexibility buys time. Higher income provided stronger financial support for migration, while flexible work enabled people to travel farther in search of cooler environments.

This is where the study goes beyond tourism. The freedom to escape extreme heat is itself becoming a dimension of climate inequality. Two people can experience the same heatwave but have completely different adaptation possibilities. One can work remotely, afford transportation and accommodation, and spend several weeks in the mountains. Another may have a fixed job, limited income, family responsibilities, or no realistic possibility of leaving. Climate vulnerability is therefore not only about how hot your neighborhood becomes. It is also about how many choices you have when it becomes too hot.

There is another side to this story. If millions of urban residents increasingly seek temporary refuge in cooler regions, those destinations must be prepared. Responsible "cool tourism" requires transportation, electricity, water, accommodation, food, healthcare, and services, while protecting the very natural cooling resources that attract people there in the first place. Perhaps climate adaptation in a warming world will not only mean making hot cities more resilient. It may also mean creating networks of climate refuges, places that can temporarily receive people safely, affordably, and responsibly during periods of extreme heat.

Congratulations to Bao-Jie He, Jinda Qi, Ali Cheshmehzangi, Deo Prasad, Leila Mohaghegh Zahed, Yao Mao, Junqing Tang, Andreas Matzarakis, Zhengxuan Liu, and all collaborators on this thought-provoking work.

A question for urban planners, climate scientists, tourism researchers, employers, and policymakers:

If temporary migration becomes a legitimate heat-adaptation strategy, how do we make sure the right to escape extreme heat does not become a privilege reserved for those who can afford it?

📘 Full article: https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/336460

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13/08/2026

[Vlog] Xi'an: Visit China's Ancient Capital and the Terracotta Army

Some cities show you modern China. Xi'an helps you understand how China became China. Before Beijing became the political capital and Shanghai emerged as a global economic center, there was Chang'an, today's Xi'an.

For centuries, it was one of the great capitals of Chinese civilization. It was from this region that China's first emperor unified the country more than 2,200 years ago. Later, Chang'an became one of the world's great cosmopolitan cities and the eastern gateway of the Silk Road. This makes Xi'an much more than a destination for ancient monuments.

It is a city about unification, connection, and exchange, three ideas that continue to resonate in China today.

The most spectacular place to begin is, of course, the Terracotta Army. Thousands of life-sized warriors were created to accompany Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of a unified China, into the afterlife. Seeing them in person changes your perception of the site. The astonishing part is not simply their number or their individual faces. It is the scale of organization behind them. More than two millennia ago, producing this underground army required enormous coordination of labor, materials, craftsmanship, transportation, standardized production, and engineering.

The Terracotta Army therefore tells us something fundamental about the emergence of the Chinese state: the ability to organize people, resources, infrastructure, and territory at an extraordinary scale.

That capacity for scale is something I repeatedly encounter while traveling through China today. But Xi'an tells another, almost opposite, story too. If the Qin period represents unification, the Silk Road represents connection. During the Han and particularly the Tang era, Chang'an developed into one of the great international cities of its time. Merchants, diplomats, monks, scholars, and travelers arrived from across Asia. Silk traveled westward, but goods were only one part of the story.

Religions crossed borders. Knowledge traveled. Technologies circulated. Food changed. Architecture absorbed influences. People met people.

You can still experience traces of these exchanges today. At the Big Wild Goose Pagoda, the story of the monk Xuanzang and his journey to India reminds us how knowledge traveled across civilizations. In the Muslim Quarter and Great Mosque, another layer of Xi'an's international history becomes visible. Chinese and Islamic traditions have interacted here for centuries, producing an architectural and cultural landscape unlike almost anywhere else.

And above the historic center stands the Ancient City Wall, allowing you to look simultaneously at the old city and the modern metropolis surrounding it. For me, that view captures Xi'an perfectly.

Ancient China is not hidden underneath the modern city. The two remain visible together.

And then the story takes an unexpected turn. More than two thousand years after the ancient Silk Road connected Chang'an with Central Asia and lands farther west, the language of the Silk Road returned to China's international strategy.

In 2013, China proposed the Silk Road Economic Belt, followed by the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road. The concept was initially known widely as One Belt, One Road. Today, we know it as the Belt and Road Initiative, or BRI. This makes visiting Xi'an particularly meaningful.

The ancient Silk Road was not a single road, and today's Belt and Road is not simply its modern reconstruction. They belong to completely different historical and geopolitical contexts. But the historical reference matters. Xi'an gives that reference a physical geography.

Where caravans once departed Chang'an toward Central Asia, freight trains now leave Xi'an through modern Eurasian rail corridors. Camels became trains. Caravan routes became logistics networks. Journeys measured in months can now be measured in days. Yet an old geographical question remains remarkably relevant:

How does China connect its vast interior with the wider world?

This is one of the reasons Xi'an has become one of the most meaningful stops in my Year of China. The purpose of this journey is not simply to visit China. It is to learn about China through its cities. Each city reveals a different layer. Some explain China's extraordinary urbanization. Others reveal its scientific and technological ambitions. Others help explain its political history, architecture, infrastructure, or relationship with the world. Xi'an takes the story back more than two millennia. And as an architect and researcher in sustainable buildings and cities, another question interests me here.

How does a city carrying thousands of years of history continue to modernize?

Xi'an must simultaneously protect archaeological heritage and historic urban fabric while accommodating metropolitan growth, mass tourism, universities, metro systems, high-speed rail, new industries, housing, and infrastructure. That tension is visible everywhere. The ancient wall and the expanding metropolis. The pagoda and the skyline. The old market and the metro. The caravan and the freight train.

Xi'an shows that modernization is not always a process of leaving history behind. Sometimes history becomes part of the language through which the future is imagined.

That may be the most important lesson I take from this city. From Qin Shi Huang and the first unification of China, to the cosmopolitan Tang capital of Chang'an, from the Terracotta Army to the Silk Road, and from ancient caravans to today's Belt and Road, Xi'an connects several chapters of China's story that at first appear separated by centuries.

Throughout this Year of China, I will continue sharing the cities, universities, infrastructure, institutions, and people that are helping me better understand the country's transformation. Because after several years of traveling through China, one thing has become increasingly clear to me:

To understand China's future, you also have to understand the historical ideas China carries into that future.

Xi'an is one of the best places to start.

What can the ancient Silk Road teach us about the way China understands connectivity today?

🎥 Watch the Xi'an vlog https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dGYDCuNiyA

📚 Learn more about our research https://www.sbd.uliege.be/

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