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08/12/2025

Connectors āĻŦāĻž Linkers āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ **Function (āĻ•āĻžāϜ)** āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ **Placement (āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ)** āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻž āϖ⧁āĻŦ āϜāϰ⧁āϰāĻŋāĨ¤ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻš āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϞ⧋āĨ¤

# # # ā§§. āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ (Sequence/Order)
āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āϘāϟāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ āϧāĻžāĻĒ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

* **Connectors:** Firstly (āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāϤ), Secondly (āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§ŸāϤ), Then (āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ), After that (āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ⧇), Finally/Lastly (āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ⧇āώ⧇)āĨ¤
* **Rule:** āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ Paragraph-āĻāϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϤ⧇ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
* **Examples:**
* **Firstly**, you need to buy a ticket. **Secondly**, collect your boarding pass. **Then**, wait for the announcement. **Finally**, board the plane.
* (āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāϤ āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇āϟ āĻ•āĻŋāύ⧁āύ, āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§ŸāϤ āĻŦā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻžāϏ āύāĻŋāύ, āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ āĻ˜ā§‹āώāĻŖāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ⧇āώ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āωāϠ⧁āύāĨ¤)

# # # ⧍. āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ (Adding Information)
āφāϗ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āφāϰāĻ“ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

* **Connectors:** And (āĻāĻŦāĻ‚), Moreover (āϤāĻžāĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž/āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁), Furthermore (āϤāĻĻ⧁āĻĒāϰāĻŋ), Besides (āϤāĻžāĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž), In addition (āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ), Not only...but also (āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻāϟāĻž āύāĻž... āĻ“āϟāĻžāĻ“)āĨ¤
* **Rule:** ‘And’ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϝ⧋āϗ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āφāϗ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟ⧁ āĻ—āĻŽā§āĻ­ā§€āϰ āĻŦāĻž āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϤ⧇ `Moreover` āĻŦāĻž `Furthermore` āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤
* **Examples:**
* Mobile phones help us communicate. **Moreover**, they are a source of entertainment. (āĻŽā§‹āĻŦāĻžāχāϞ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āϗ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž, āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāύ⧋āĻĻāύ⧇āϰāĻ“ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāĨ¤)
* The house is too expensive. **Besides**, it is too far from my office. (āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻĻāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž, āĻāϟāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻĢāĻŋāϏ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇āĻ“ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻĻā§‚āϰ⧇āĨ¤)
* He is **not only** a good student **but also** a good player.

# # # ā§Š. āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻŽāĻŋāϞ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ (Contrast)
āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻžāϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āĻŸā§‹ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϘāϟāϞ⧇āĨ¤

* **Connectors:** But (āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁), However (āϝāĻžāχāĻšā§‹āĻ•), Although/Though (āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“), On the other hand (āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇), Yet (āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“), Instead (āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇)āĨ¤
* **Rule:**
* `Although/Though` āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϤ⧇ āĻŦāϏ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāϕ⧇ āĻœā§‹ā§œāĻž āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻžā§ŸāĨ¤
* `However` āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āφāϗ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϤ⧇ āĻŦāϏ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŽāĻž (,) āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
* **Examples:**
* **Although** the man is rich, he is miser. (āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āϞ⧋āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϧāύ⧀, āϏ⧇ āĻ•ā§ƒāĻĒāĻŖāĨ¤)
* He studied hard for the exam. **However**, he could not get a GPA-5. (āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒā§œā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϝāĻžāχāĻšā§‹āĻ•/āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“, āϏ⧇ āϜāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋāĻ-ā§Ģ āĻĒāĻžā§ŸāύāĻŋāĨ¤)
* Village life is peaceful. **On the other hand**, city life is chaotic. (āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻļāĻšāϰ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧃āĻ™ā§āĻ–āϞāĨ¤)

# # # ā§Ē. āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ (Cause and Effect)
āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āϘāϟāϞ⧇āĨ¤

**āĻ•) āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ (Reason):**
* **Connectors:** Since (āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁), As (āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁/āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ), Because (āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ), Due to (āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇)āĨ¤
* **Rule:** `Since` āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ `As` āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϤ⧇ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ `Because` āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
* **Examples:**
* **Since** the weather was rough, we cancelled the trip. (āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁ āφāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ–āĻžāϰāĻžāĻĒ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻĒāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻŋāϞ āĻ•āϰāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤)
* He failed **because** he was lazy.

**āĻ–) āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ (Result):**
* **Connectors:** So (āϤāĻžāχ), Therefore (āĻ…āϤāĻāĻŦ), As a result (āĻĢāϞ⧇), Consequently (āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāĻžāĻŽā§‡)āĨ¤
* **Rule:** `So` āχāύāĻĢāϰāĻŽāĻžāϞ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ `Therefore` āĻŦāĻž `Consequently` āĻĢāϰāĻŽāĻžāϞ āϰāĻžāχāϟāĻŋāĻ‚-āĻ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
* **Examples:**
* He violated the traffic rules. **Consequently**, he was fined. (āϏ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻ• āφāχāύ āϭ⧇āϙ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāĻžāĻŽā§‡, āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āϜāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤)
* Bangladesh is a small country. **Therefore**, it cannot house a large population properly.

# # # ā§Ģ. āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ (Giving Examples)
āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϏāĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āϟāĻžāύāϤ⧇āĨ¤

* **Connectors:** For example (āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰ⧂āĻĒ), For instance (āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰ⧂āĻĒ), Such as (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ), Namely (āϝāĻĨāĻž)āĨ¤
* **Rule:** āϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ `Such as` āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ `For example` āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
* **Examples:**
* We should eat healthy foods, **such as** fruits and vegetables. (āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ–āĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ, āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻĢāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻŦāϜāĻŋāĨ¤)
* Many countries are facing economic crisis. **For instance**, Sri Lanka is in a bad state.

# # # ā§Ŧ. āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ (Condition)
āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻĒ⧇āĻ›āύ⧇ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤

* **Connectors:** If (āϝāĻĻāĻŋ), Unless (āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āύāĻž), Provided that (āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āϝ⧇), In case (āϝāĻĻāĻŋ)āĨ¤
* **Examples:**
* **If** you respect others, others will respect you. (āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϕ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰ⧋, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϰāĻžāĻ“ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤)
* You will not succeed **unless** you work hard. (āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻĢāϞ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻž āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āύāĻž āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤)
* Take an umbrella **in case** it rains. (āĻ›āĻžāϤāĻžāϟāĻŋ āύāĻžāĻ“ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤)

# # # ā§­. āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚ⧟āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ (Emphasis)
āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟āϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇āĨ¤

* **Connectors:** Actually (āφāϏāϞ⧇), In fact (āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇), Undoubtedly (āύāĻŋāσāϏāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻšā§‡), Indeed (āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϤ)āĨ¤
* **Rule:** āφāϗ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϭ⧁āϞ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻļ⧁āϧāϰ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
* **Examples:**
* Everyone thinks he is happy. **Actually**, he is very depressed. (āϏāĻŦāĻžāχ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏ⧇ āϏ⧁āĻ–ā§€āĨ¤ āφāϏāϞ⧇, āϏ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻšāϤāĻžāĻļāĨ¤)
* Bangladesh has many problems. **Undoubtedly**, corruption is the biggest one.

# # # ā§Ž. āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ (Relative Pronouns)
āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ• āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

* **Connectors:** Who (āϝ⧇/āϕ⧇), Which (āϝ⧇āϟāĻž), That (āϝ⧇āϟāĻž/āϝāĻž), Where (āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇), When (āϝāĻ–āύ)āĨ¤
* **Rule:**
* āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧇: **Who**
* āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§€ āĻšāϞ⧇: **Which/That**
* āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻšāϞ⧇: **Where**
* āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻšāϞ⧇: **When**
* **Examples:**
* I saw a man **who** was crying. (āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āϞ⧋āĻ• āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϞāĻžāĻŽ āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāρāĻĻāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤)
* This is the pen **which** I lost yesterday. (āĻāϟāĻž āϏ⧇āχ āĻ•āϞāĻŽ āϝ⧇āϟāĻž āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻšāĻžāϰāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤)
* 1971 is the year **when** we became independent.

# # # ⧝. āωāĻĒāϏāĻ‚āĻšāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āϤāĻŋ (Conclusion)
āϏāĻŦāĻļ⧇āώ⧇ āϏāĻžāϰāĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇āĨ¤

* **Connectors:** To sum up, In short, In conclusion, Above all.
* **Examples:**
* He is rude, lazy, and dishonest. **In short**, he is a bad person. (āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ⧇, āϏ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻ–āĻžāϰāĻžāĻĒ āϞ⧋āĻ•āĨ¤)
* **Above all**, patriotism is a noble virtue. (āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻĒāϰāĻŋ, āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻŽ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŽāĻšā§Ž āϗ⧁āĻŖāĨ¤)

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# # # āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ āĻļāĻ°ā§āϟāĻ•āĻžāϟ āĻŸā§‡āĻ•āύāĻŋāĻ• (Summary Rules):

1. **Sentence + Sentence (āϏāĻŽāϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ):** `And`, `Moreover`, `Besides`.
2. **Sentence + Sentence (āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤ):** `But`, `However`, `Yet`.
3. **Reason (āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ) + Result (āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ):** `So`, `Therefore`.
4. **Result (āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ) + Reason (āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ):** `Because`, `As`.
5. **List (āϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻž):** `Firstly`, `Secondly`, `Finally`.

āĻāχ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻž āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ Connectors āĻŦāĻž Linkers āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻšāϜ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

**Passage Narration** āĻšāϞ⧋ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ Narration-āĻāϰāχ āĻāĻ•āϟ⧁ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āύāĻž, āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻĨā§‹āĻĒāĻ•āĻĨāύ (Conv...
08/12/2025

**Passage Narration** āĻšāϞ⧋ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ Narration-āĻāϰāχ āĻāĻ•āϟ⧁ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āύāĻž, āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻĨā§‹āĻĒāĻ•āĻĨāύ (Conversation) āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ Passage Narration āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ **Sentence Narration**-āĻāϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞ āĻ…āĻŦāϞāĻŽā§āĻŦāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ Passage Narration-āĻāϰ **Step-by-Step Rules** āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāϞ⧋āĨ¤

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# # # ā§§. āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāϏ⧇āϜāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§œā§‡ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻž (Speaker) āĻ“ āĻļā§āϰ⧋āϤāĻž (Listener) āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϪ⧟ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Passage-āĻāϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻļā§āϰ⧋āϤāĻžāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āύāĻžāĻ“ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇, āĻšā§ŸāϤ⧋ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ Indirect āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§‡āχ **Speaker + Verb + Listener** āĻŦāϏāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

> **Direct:** "Will you go to college today?" said the teacher to the boy. "No, Sir. I am sick."
> **Indirect:** The teacher asked the boy if he would go to college that day. The boy respectfully replied in the negative and said that he was sick.

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# # # ⧍. āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• āωāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ (Multiple Sentences by Same Speaker)
āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻŦāϞ⧇, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻŦāĻžāϰ `said` āύāĻž āϞāĻŋāϖ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻ•āĻžāύ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟāϰāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ:

* **Assertive Sentence-āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇:**
* ā§§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ: `said that`
* ⧍⧟ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ: `added that` / `also said that`
* ā§Šā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ: `further added that` / `again said that`
* **Interrogative Sentence-āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇:**
* `also asked` / `further asked` / `again asked`

> **Direct:** Rina said to me, "I shall go to Dhaka tomorrow. I will buy a book. Will you go with me?"
> **Indirect:** Rina told me that she would go to Dhaka the next day. She **added that** she would buy a book. She **also asked** if I would go with her.

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# # # ā§Š. "Yes" āĻŦāĻž "No" āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇
* **Yes āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇:** `Replied in the affirmative`.
* **No āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇:** `Replied in the negative`.
* **Yes/No-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇:** `Replied in the affirmative and said that...` / `Replied in the negative and said that...`

> **Direct:** He said to me, "Have you done the work?" I said, "Yes, I have done it."
> **Indirect:** He asked me if I had done the work. I **replied in the affirmative and said that** I had done it.

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# # # ā§Ē. "Sir" āĻŦāĻž "Madam" āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇
* `Respectfully` āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž `With respect` āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

> **Direct:** The student said to the teacher, "Sir, may I come in?"
> **Indirect:** The student **respectfully** asked the teacher if he might come in.

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# # # ā§Ģ. āĻ•āĻžāωāϕ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŦā§‹āϧāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇ (Vocative Case)
āĻ•āĻžāωāϕ⧇ āύāĻžāĻŽ āϧāϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: Friend, Brother) āĻĄāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ `Addressing as` āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
* **Structure:** Addressing + (obj) + as + (term), Subject + Verb...

> **Direct:** "Friends, help me," said the leader.
> **Indirect:** **Addressing them as friends**, the leader requested them to help him.
>
> **Direct:** "Kamal, give me the pen," said Rime.
> **Indirect:** **Addressing him as Kamal**, Rime requested him to give her the pen. (āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž: *Rime told Kamal to give her the pen.*)

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# # # ā§Ŧ. āϛ⧋āϟ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ (Incomplete Sentences)
Passage-āĻ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϛ⧋āϟ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ Indirect āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āφāϗ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇āϰ āϰ⧇āĻĢāĻžāϰ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

> **Direct:** "Where are you going?" said he. "To market," said I.
> **Indirect:** He asked me where I was going. I replied that **I was going to market**.

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# # # ā§­. By Allah / By God (āĻļāĻĒāĻĨ āĻ•āϰāĻž) āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇
* `Swearing by Allah` āĻŦāĻž `Swearing by God` āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

> **Direct:** "By Allah, I will not leave you," he said.
> **Indirect:** **Swearing by Allah**, he said that he would not leave me.

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# # # ā§Ž. Thank you / Good bye / Good morning āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇
āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ Reporting Verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύ āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻž, āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āχ Verb āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

| Direct | Indirect |
| :--- | :--- |
| **Thank you** | Subject + **thanked** + Object |
| **Good bye** | Subject + **bade** + Object + **good bye** |
| **Good morning** | Subject + **wished** + Object + **good morning** |
| **Congratulations** | Subject + **congratulated** + Object |

> **Direct:** He said to me, "Thank you."
> **Indirect:** He **thanked** me.
>
> **Direct:** He said, "Good bye, my friends."
> **Indirect:** He **bade** his friends good bye.

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# # # ⧝. Assertive āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻŦā§‹āϧāĻ• āϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύ (?) āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇
āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ• āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ Assertive āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϕ⧇āχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āϰ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻ–āύ `Being surprised` + `asked` āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋āĨ¤

> **Direct:** He said to me, "You have remembered me?"
> **Indirect:** **Being surprised**, he asked me if I had remembered him.

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# # # ā§§ā§Ļ. Excuse / Sorry āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇
* Sorry āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇: `apologized` āĻŦāĻž `expressed his regret` āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

> **Direct:** "Sorry, I am late," said the boy.
> **Indirect:** The boy **apologized** and said that he was late.

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# # # āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ— āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ (Real Life Exercise)

**Direct Passage:**
The teacher said to the student, "Have you prepared your lesson today?"
"No, Sir," replied the student. "I was suffering from fever yesterday. But I will do it tomorrow."
"Oh! Do not be sad. You must take care of your health," said the teacher.
"Thank you, Sir," said the student.

**Indirect Solution:**
The teacher asked the student if he had prepared his lesson that day. The student **respectfully replied in the negative and said that** he had been suffering from fever the previous day. But he **added that** he would do that the next day. The teacher exclaimed with sorrow (āĻŦāĻž sympathy) not to be sad and **advised that** he **had to** (must āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ had to) take care of his health. The student **respectfully thanked** him.

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# # # āϟāĻŋāĻĒāϏ (āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ):
ā§§. āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ **Past Tense**-āĻ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞāĻŦ⧇āύ āύāĻž (āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Reporting verb past āĻšā§Ÿ)āĨ¤
⧍. `this` āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ `that`, `now` āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ `then`—āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ Passage-āĻ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻ–ā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϞ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
ā§Š. āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻœā§‹ā§œāĻž āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻžāύ⧋āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ `and`, `but`, `so` āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ `added that`, `also asked` āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāχ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄāĨ¤

āύāĻžāϰ⧇āĻļāύ (Narration) āĻŦāĻž āωāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĨ¤ āĻ­āĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ“ āϚāĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĒ...
08/12/2025

āύāĻžāϰ⧇āĻļāύ (Narration) āĻŦāĻž āωāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĨ¤ āĻ­āĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ“ āϚāĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āχāĨ¤ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ āύāĻžāϰ⧇āĻļāύ⧇āϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āϏāĻŦ āϰ⧁āϞāϏ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻš āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāϞ⧋āĨ¤

āύāĻžāϰ⧇āĻļāύ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύāϤ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ:
1. **Direct Speech** (āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āώ āωāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ)
2. **Indirect Speech** (āĻĒāϰ⧋āĻ•ā§āώ āωāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ)

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# # # āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• ā§ŠāϟāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ (Basic Changes)

Indirect āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŽā§‚āϞāϤ ā§ŠāϟāĻŋ āϜāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻšā§Ÿ:
1. **Person Change** (āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧁āώ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ)
2. **Tense Change** (āĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ)
3. **Adverb/Time Change** (āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ)

# # # # ā§§. Person āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ (SON Formula)
* **1st Person** (I, we, my, us) $\rightarrow$ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻšā§Ÿ **Subject** āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€āĨ¤
* **2nd Person** (You, your) $\rightarrow$ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻšā§Ÿ **Object** āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€āĨ¤
* **3rd Person** (He, she, they, it) $\rightarrow$ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻž (**No Change**)āĨ¤

# # # # ⧍. Tense āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ
Reporting Verb (āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ) āϝāĻĻāĻŋ **Past Tense** āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻŦ⧇āχ āϭ⧇āϤāϰ⧇āϰ Tense āĻŦāĻĻāϞāĻžāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| :--- | :--- |
| Present Indefinite (V1) | Past Indefinite (V2) |
| Present Continuous (am/is/are) | Past Continuous (was/were) |
| Present Perfect (have/has) | Past Perfect (had) |
| Past Indefinite (V2) | Past Perfect (had + V3) |
| Past Continuous (was/were) | Past Perfect Continuous (had been) |
| Can / May / Shall / Will | Could / Might / Should / Would |

# # # # ā§Š. āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧇āϰ āϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻž
* Now - Then
* Here - There
* This - That
* Today - That day
* Tomorrow - The next day
* Yesterday - The previous day
* Tonight - That night
* Come - Go (āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇)

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# # # Sentence āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ

# # # # ā§§. Assertive Sentence (āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧃āϤāĻŋāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ)
* **Reporting Verb:** `said` āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ `said` āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇; `said to` āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ `told` āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
* **Connector:** Inverted comma āωāϠ⧇ `that` āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

> **Direct:** He said to me, "I am reading a book."
> **Indirect:** He told me **that** he **was** reading a book.
>
> **Direct:** She said, "I wrote a letter."
> **Indirect:** She said **that** she **had written** a letter. (Past Indefinite $\rightarrow$ Past Perfect)

# # # # ⧍. Interrogative Sentence (āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻŦā§‹āϧāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ)
* **Reporting Verb:** `asked` āĻŦāĻž `enquired of` āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
* **Connector:**
* Auxiliary verb (Do, Did, Am, Is, Can āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ) āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāϞ⧇ `if` āĻŦāĻž `whether` āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
* WH-word (Who, What, Where āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ) āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāϞ⧇ **āĻ“āχ WH-word āϟāĻŋāχ** āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
* **Note:** āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻŦā§‹āϧāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ Indirect-āĻ **Assertive** (Subject + Verb) āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

> **Direct:** He said to me, "Do you know me?"
> **Indirect:** He asked me **if** I knew him. (Present $\rightarrow$ Past)
>
> **Direct:** Father said to me, "Where are you going?"
> **Indirect:** Father asked me **where** I **was** going.

# # # # ā§Š. Imperative Sentence (āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ, āωāĻĒāĻĻ⧇āĻļ, āĻ…āύ⧁āϰ⧋āϧ)
* **Reporting Verb:**
* āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ = `ordered`
* āĻ…āύ⧁āϰ⧋āϧ = `requested`
* āωāĻĒāĻĻ⧇āĻļ = `advised`
* āύāĻŋāώ⧇āϧ = `forbade`
* āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻž āύāĻž āϗ⧇āϞ⧇ = `told`
* **Connector:** Inverted comma āωāϠ⧇ `to` āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ (āύ⧇āϗ⧇āϟāĻŋāĻ­ āĻšāϞ⧇ `not to` āĻŦāϏ⧇)āĨ¤

> **Direct:** The teacher said to the student, "Stand up."
> **Indirect:** The teacher **ordered** the student **to** stand up.
>
> **Direct:** Mother said to me, "Do not run in the sun."
> **Indirect:** Mother **advised** me **not to** run in the sun.
> *(Or: Mother **forbade** me **to** run in the sun.)*

# # # # ā§Ē. Optative Sentence (āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāύāĻž)
* **Reporting Verb:** `prayed` (āφāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻžāĻš/āĻ—āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āϚāĻžāχāϞ⧇) āĻŦāĻž `wished` āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
* **Connector:** `that` āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
* **Structure:** Subject + might + verb...

> **Direct:** He said to me, "May you be happy."
> **Indirect:** He **wished** that I **might** be happy.
>
> **Direct:** Mother said, "May Allah bless you."
> **Indirect:** Mother **prayed** that Allah **might** bless me.

# # # # ā§Ģ. Exclamatory Sentence (āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ—āϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ)
* **Reporting Verb:**
* āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ = `exclaimed with joy`
* āĻĻ⧁āσāĻ– = `exclaimed with sorrow` / `grief`
* āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§Ÿ = `exclaimed with wonder` / `surprise`
* **Connector:** `that` āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
* **Note:** Very āĻŦāĻž Great āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ Adjective-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇āĨ¤

> **Direct:** The boy said, "Hurrah! We have won the game."
> **Indirect:** The boy **exclaimed with joy that** they had won the game.
>
> **Direct:** He said, "What a nice bird it is!"
> **Indirect:** He exclaimed with wonder that it was a **very** nice bird.

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# # # āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ (Special/Advanced Rules) - āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϜāϰ⧁āϰāĻŋ

**Rule 1: Universal Truth (āϚāĻŋāϰāĻ¨ā§āϤāύ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ)**
Reporting verb āĻĒāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āϭ⧇āϤāϰ⧇āϰ Tense-āĻāϰ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤
> **Direct:** The teacher said, "The earth moves round the sun."
> **Indirect:** The teacher said that the earth **moves** round the sun.

**Rule 2: 'Let' āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ**
* **āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦ (Proposal) āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ (Let us):**
* Verb: `proposed` āĻŦāĻž `suggested`
* Connector: `that`
* Structure: Subject + **should** + Verb.
> **Direct:** He said to me, "Let us go out for a walk."
> **Indirect:** He proposed to me that we **should** go out for a walk.

* **āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽāϤāĻŋ (Permission) āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ (Let me/him/them):**
* Verb: `requested` āĻŦāĻž `told`
* Structure: Subject + **might** / **might be allowed to** + Verb.
> **Direct:** He said, "Let me come in."
> **Indirect:** He requested that he **might** come in.

**Rule 3: Must āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇**
āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ `must` āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ `had to` āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϚāĻŋāϰāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧀āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāϧāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ `must` āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤
> **Direct:** He said, "I must go."
> **Indirect:** He said that he **had to** go.

**Rule 4: Vocative Case (āĻ•āĻžāωāϕ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŦā§‹āϧāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž)**
āĻ•āĻžāωāϕ⧇ āύāĻžāĻŽ āϧāϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āϧāϰ⧇ āĻĄāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ `Addressing as` āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
> **Direct:** "Friends, listen to me," he said.
> **Indirect:** **Addressing them as friends**, he told them to listen to him.

**Rule 5: Sir / Madam āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇**
`Respectfully` āĻŦāĻž `With respect` āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
> **Direct:** The boy said to the teacher, "Sir, lend me your pen."
> **Indirect:** The boy requested the teacher **respectfully** to lend him his pen.

**Rule 6: Yes / No āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇**
* Yes = `Replied in the affirmative`
* No = `Replied in the negative`
> **Direct:** He said to me, "Have you done it?" I said, "No."
> **Indirect:** He asked me if I had done it. I **replied in the negative**.

**Rule 7: Good morning / Good bye**
* Good morning/evening = `wished`
* Good bye/night = `bade`
> **Direct:** He said, "Good morning, my friends."
> **Indirect:** He **wished** his friends good morning.
>
> **Direct:** He said, "Good bye, mother."
> **Indirect:** He **bade** his mother good bye.

āĻāχ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻ†ā§ŸāĻ¤ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϞ⧇ āϝ⧇āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āύāĻžāϰ⧇āĻļāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϏāĻšāϜ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ­āĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāϏāĻŋāĻāϏ, āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ‚āĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋ āϚāĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ **āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž (English to Benga...
08/12/2025

āĻ­āĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāϏāĻŋāĻāϏ, āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ‚āĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋ āϚāĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ **āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž (English to Bengali)** āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ ā§§ā§Ļā§ĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāϞ⧋āĨ¤ āĻāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ—āϤ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇āϰ āφāϞ⧋āϕ⧇ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋāĨ¤

# # # āĻ­āĻžāĻ— ā§§: āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ-āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāϚāύ (Proverbs)
| English Sentence | Bengali Translation |
| :--- | :--- |
| 1. A bad workman quarrels with his tools. | āύāĻžāϚāϤ⧇ āύāĻž āϜāĻžāύāϞ⧇ āωāĻ āĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāρāĻ•āĻžāĨ¤ |
| 2. A barked dog seldom bites. | āϝāϤ āĻ—āĻ°ā§āĻœā§‡ āϤāϤ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āώ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ |
| 3. A friend in need is a friend indeed. | āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧁āχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧁āĨ¤ |
| 4. A little learning is a dangerous thing. | āĻ…āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻž āϭ⧟āĻ‚āĻ•āϰ⧀āĨ¤ |
| 5. A stitch in time saves nine. | āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻāĻ• āĻĢā§‹āρ⧜, āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻĻāĻļ āĻĢā§‹āρ⧜āĨ¤ |
| 6. All’s well that ends well. | āĻļ⧇āώ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āϝāĻžāϰ, āϏāĻŦ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āϤāĻžāϰāĨ¤ |
| 7. As you sow, so you reap. | āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ, āϤ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻĢāϞāĨ¤ |
| 8. Beggars must not be choosers. | āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āϚāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāρ⧜āĻž āφāϰ āφāĻ•āĻžāρ⧜āĻžāĨ¤ |
| 9. Better alone than in bad company. | āϕ⧁āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋āĨ¤ |
| 10. Birds of a feather flock together. | āĻšā§‹āϰ⧇ āĻšā§‹āϰ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāϏāϤ⧁āϤ⧋ āĻ­āĻžāχāĨ¤ |
| 11. Black will take no other hue. | āĻ•ā§ŸāϞāĻž āϧ⧁āχāϞ⧇ āĻŽā§ŸāϞāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤ |
| 12. Charity begins at home. | āφāϗ⧇ āϘāϰ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϤ⧋ āĻĒāϰāĨ¤ |
| 13. Cut your coat according to your cloth. | āĻ†ā§Ÿ āĻŦ⧁āĻā§‡ āĻŦā§āϝ⧟ āĻ•āϰāĨ¤ |
| 14. Danger often comes where danger is feared. | āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ˜ā§‡āϰ āϭ⧟, āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇āχ āϏāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āϝāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ |
| 15. Diligence is the mother of good luck. | āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽāχ āϏ⧌āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϏ⧂āϤāĻŋāĨ¤ |
| 16. Empty vessels sound much. | āĻ–āĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻ•āϞāϏāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĨ¤ |
| 17. Example is better than precept. | āωāĻĒāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋āĨ¤ |
| 18. Grapes are sour. | āφāϙ⧁āϰ āĻĢāϞ āϟāĻ• (āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āύāĻž āϗ⧇āϞ⧇)āĨ¤ |
| 19. Grasp all, lose all. | āĻ…āϤāĻŋ āϞ⧋āϭ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϤāĻŋ āύāĻˇā§āϟāĨ¤ |
| 20. Honesty is the best policy. | āϏāϤāϤāĻžāχ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹ā§ŽāĻ•ā§ƒāĻˇā§āϟ āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻĨāĻžāĨ¤ |
| 21. Hunger is the best sauce. | āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āϧāĻž āĻĒ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ˜ā§‡āĻ“ āϧāĻžāύ āĻ–āĻžā§Ÿ / āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āϧāĻžāχ āĻ­āĻžāϤ⧇āϰ āϚāĻžāϟāύāĻŋāĨ¤ |
| 22. Look before you leap. | āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋ⧟āĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāϜāĨ¤ |
| 23. Man proposes, God disposes. | āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻ•, āĻšā§Ÿ āφāϰ āĻāĻ•āĨ¤ |
| 24. Many a little makes a mickle. | āĻĻāĻļ⧇ āĻŽāĻŋāϞ⧇ āĻ•āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ, āĻšāĻžāϰāĻŋ āϜāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āύāĻžāĻšāĻŋ āϞāĻžāϜ / āĻĻāĻļ⧇āϰ āϞāĻžāĻ āĻŋ āĻāϕ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĨ¤ |
| 25. Might is right. | āĻœā§‹āϰ āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āϞ⧁āĻ• āϤāĻžāϰāĨ¤ |

# # # āĻ­āĻžāĻ— ⧍: āĻŦāĻžāĻ—ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ (Idioms & Phrases)
| English Sentence | Bengali Translation |
| :--- | :--- |
| 26. He is a man of letters. | āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĨ¤ |
| 27. It is raining cats and dogs. | āĻŽā§āώāϞāϧāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤ |
| 28. The news came as a bolt from the blue. | āĻ–āĻŦāϰāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻž āĻŽā§‡āĻ˜ā§‡ āĻŦāĻœā§āϰāĻĒāĻžāϤ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻāϞāĨ¤ |
| 29. He is out and out a gentleman. | āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻšāĻžā§œāĻžāĻšāĻžā§œāĻŋ/āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋āĻĻāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϰ āĻ­āĻĻā§āϰāϞ⧋āĻ•āĨ¤ |
| 30. Rome was not built in a day. | āϰ⧋āĻŽ āύāĻ—āϰ⧀ āĻāĻ•āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻšā§ŸāύāĻŋ (āĻŦ⧜ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻšā§āϟ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻž)āĨ¤ |
| 31. He is a fish out of water. | āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ•āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āφāϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ |
| 32. Do not cry over spilt milk. | āĻ—āϤāĻ¸ā§āϝ āĻļā§‹āϚāύāĻž āύāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋ (āϝāĻž āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇, āϤāĻž āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϕ⧇āρāĻĻā§‹ āύāĻž)āĨ¤ |
| 33. He died in harness. | āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϰāϤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻž āϗ⧇āϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ |
| 34. Make hay while the sun shines. | āĻā§‹āĻĒ āĻŦ⧁āĻā§‡ āϕ⧋āĻĒ āĻŽāĻžāϰ⧋āĨ¤ |
| 35. He is trying to turn the tide. | āϏ⧇ āĻŽā§‹ā§œ āĻ˜ā§‹āϰāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤ |
| 36. It ended in smoke. | āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨāϤāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϞ⧋āĨ¤ |
| 37. He is a black sheep in the family. | āϏ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϕ⧁āϞāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻžāϰāĨ¤ |
| 38. The old man is at death’s door. | āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧ āϞ⧋āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŽāϰāĻŖāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύāĨ¤ |
| 39. Bad blood exists between the two brothers. | āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻļāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϤāĻž āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤ |
| 40. Keep the wolf from the door. | āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻ…āύāϟāύ āĻĻā§‚āϰ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāĨ¤ |
| 41. Nip the danger in the bud. | āĻ…āĻ™ā§āϕ⧁āϰ⧇āχ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĨ¤ |
| 42. He put the cart before the horse. | āϏ⧇ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽā§‡āϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āĻŸā§‹ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāϞāĨ¤ |
| 43. Don’t build castles in the air. | āφāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āϕ⧁āϏ⧁āĻŽ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋ āύāĻžāĨ¤ |
| 44. To carry coal to Newcastle. | āϤ⧇āϞāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āϤ⧇āϞ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĨ¤ |
| 45. Tit for tat. | āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻŦ⧁āύ⧋ āĻ“āϞ, āϤ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻŦāĻžāϘāĻž āϤ⧇āρāϤ⧁āϞ / āχāϟāϟāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāϰāϞ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϟāϕ⧇āϞāϟāĻŋ āϖ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ |

# # # āĻ­āĻžāĻ— ā§Š: āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāϞ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ (Grammar & Tense)
| English Sentence | Bengali Translation |
| :--- | :--- |
| 46. It has been drizzling since morning. | āϏāĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϗ⧁āρ⧜āĻŋ āϗ⧁āρ⧜āĻŋ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤ |
| 47. I have been living here for five years. | āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāρāϚ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āϝāĻžāĻŦāϤ āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤ |
| 48. The patient had died before the doctor came. | āĻĄāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āφāϏāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇ āϰ⧋āĻ—ā§€āϟāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻž āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤ |
| 49. No sooner had I reached the station than the train left. | āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻļāύ⧇ āĻĒ⧌āρāĻ›āĻžāϤ⧇ āύāĻž āĻĒ⧌āρāĻ›āĻžāϤ⧇āχ āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āύāϟāĻŋ āĻ›ā§‡ā§œā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ |
| 50. Had I been a king! | āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϜāĻž āĻšāϤāĻžāĻŽ! |
| 51. If you wanted, I would help you. | āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āϚāĻžāχāϞ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāϤāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤ |
| 52. He speaks as if he knew everything. | āϏ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇ āϝ⧇āύ āϏ⧇ āϏāĻŦ āϜāĻžāύ⧇āĨ¤ |
| 53. I cannot help laughing. | āφāĻŽāĻŋ āύāĻž āĻšā§‡āϏ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϞāĻžāĻŽ āύāĻžāĨ¤ |
| 54. It is ten minutes to ten. | āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĻāĻļāϟāĻž āĻŦāĻžāϜāϤ⧇ āĻĻāĻļ āĻŽāĻŋāύāĻŋāϟ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĨ¤ |
| 55. It is a quarter past ten. | āĻāĻ–āύ āĻ¸ā§‹ā§ŸāĻž āĻĻāĻļāϟāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻœā§‡āĨ¤ |
| 56. I saw him running. | āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĻ⧌⧜āĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤ |
| 57. He ran away lest he should be caught. | āĻĒāĻžāϛ⧇ āϧāϰāĻž āĻĒā§œā§‡ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ āϏ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϞāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤ |
| 58. Though he is poor, he is honest. | āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āϏ⧇ āĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻŦ, āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“ āϏ⧇ āĻ¸ā§ŽāĨ¤ |
| 59. The flower is about to bloom. | āĻĢ⧁āϞāϟāĻŋ āĻĢ⧁āϟāĻŦā§‹ āĻĢ⧁āϟāĻŦā§‹ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤ |
| 60. I have my hair cut. | āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϚ⧁āϞ āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻžāχāĨ¤ |
| 61. Reading is a good habit. | āĻĒ⧜āĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāϏāĨ¤ |
| 62. Swimming is good for health. | āϏāĻžāρāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋āĨ¤ |
| 63. There is no room in the bench. | āĻŦ⧇āĻžā§āϚāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϜāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻž āύ⧇āχāĨ¤ |
| 64. I prefer death to dishonour. | āĻ…āĻĒāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧁ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤ |
| 65. The Padma is a big river. | āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻŽāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦ⧜ āύāĻĻā§€āĨ¤ |

# # # āĻ­āĻžāĻ— ā§Ē: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ (General & Moral)
| English Sentence | Bengali Translation |
| :--- | :--- |
| 66. Man is mortal. | āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻŽāϰāĻŖāĻļā§€āϞāĨ¤ |
| 67. To err is human. | āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāχ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ |
| 68. Knowledge is power. | āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύāχ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĨ¤ |
| 69. Morning shows the day. | āωāĻ āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŽā§‚āϞ⧋ āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāύ⧇āχ āĻšā§‡āύāĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ |
| 70. Necessity is the mother of invention. | āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāĻ¨ā§€ā§ŸāϤāĻžāχ āωāĻĻā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āϜāύāĻ•āĨ¤ |
| 71. Where there is a will, there is a way. | āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ |
| 72. Something is better than nothing. | āύāĻžāχ āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāύāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāĻž āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋āĨ¤ |
| 73. Time and tide wait for none. | āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āϰ⧋āϤ āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧋ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ |
| 74. Unity is strength. | āĻāĻ•āϤāĻžāχ āĻŦāϞāĨ¤ |
| 75. Oil your own machine. | āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āϚāϰāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āϤ⧇āϞ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āĨ¤ |
| 76. Out of sight, out of mind. | āĻšā§‹āϖ⧇āϰ āĻ†ā§œāĻžāϞ āĻšāϞ⧇āχ āĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āĻ†ā§œāĻžāϞāĨ¤ |
| 77. Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. | āϝ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāϰ⧇ āĻŽā§āϕ⧁āϟ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇, āϏ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ |
| 78. A tree is known by its fruit. | āĻĢāϞ⧇āχ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚ⧟āĨ¤ |
| 79. Too many cooks spoil the broth. | āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϏ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻ—āĻžāϜāύ āύāĻˇā§āϟāĨ¤ |
| 80. Strike the iron while it is hot. | āĻā§‹āĻĒ āĻŦ⧁āĻā§‡ āϕ⧋āĻĒ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĨ¤ |
| 81. Self-help is the best help. | āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāϞāĻŽā§āĻŦāύāχ āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻˇā§āĻ  āĻ…āĻŦāϞāĻŽā§āĻŦāύāĨ¤ |
| 82. Practice makes a man perfect. | āĻ—āĻžāχāϤ⧇ āĻ—āĻžāχāϤ⧇ āĻ—āĻžā§Ÿā§‡āύāĨ¤ |
| 83. Penny wise, pound foolish. | āĻŦāĻœā§āϰ āφāρāϟ⧁āύāĻŋ āĻĢāĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻž āϗ⧇āϰ⧋āĨ¤ |
| 84. No pains, no gains. | āĻ•āĻˇā§āϟ āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āϕ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āĻŽā§‡āϞ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ |
| 85. Many men, many minds. | āύāĻžāύāĻž āĻŽā§āύāĻŋāϰ āύāĻžāύāĻž āĻŽāϤāĨ¤ |

# # # āĻ­āĻžāĻ— ā§Ģ: āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāϧ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ (Miscellaneous)
| English Sentence | Bengali Translation |
| :--- | :--- |
| 86. How time does fly! | āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ•āϤ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āϚāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ! |
| 87. I am feeling out of sorts. | āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰāϟāĻž āĻ–āĻžāϰāĻžāĻĒ āϞāĻžāĻ—āϛ⧇ / āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāϜāĻŽā§āϝāĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤ |
| 88. He has gone to dogs. | āϏ⧇ āĻ—ā§‹āĻ˛ā§āϞāĻžā§Ÿ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ |
| 89. This holds good for you too. | āĻāϟāĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧋āĻœā§āϝāĨ¤ |
| 90. He leaves no stone unturned. | āϏ⧇ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻžāϰ āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ |
| 91. The sun rises in the east. | āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ“āϠ⧇āĨ¤ |
| 92. Walking is a good exercise. | āĻšāĻžāρāϟāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžā§ŸāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤ |
| 93. Do not look down upon the poor. | āĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻœā§āĻžāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋ āύāĻžāĨ¤ |
| 94. My head is reeling. | āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻž āϘ⧁āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤ |
| 95. Who is calling me? | āϕ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĄāĻžāĻ•āϛ⧇? |
| 96. I wish I could fly! | āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ‰ā§œāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤāĻžāĻŽ! |
| 97. Let the boy go out. | āϛ⧇āϞ⧇āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āĨ¤ |
| 98. Check the beast in you. | āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āϭ⧇āϤāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻļ⧁āϕ⧇ āĻĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤ |
| 99. Corruption is a curse for a nation. | āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĨ¤ |
| 100. Education is the backbone of a nation. | āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽā§‡āϰ⧁āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĨ¤ |

**āĻĒ⧜āĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ:** āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻšāϞ⧇ *'Proverbs'* āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻšā§āĻŦāĻšā§ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŽā§āĻ–āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ Tense āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Grammar-āĻāϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻ–ā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϞ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϞ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻœā§‡āχ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāĨ¤

08/12/2025

āĻ­āĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāϏāĻŋāĻāϏ, āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ‚āĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋ āϚāĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ ā§§ā§Ļā§ĻāϟāĻŋ **Translation (āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ)** āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāϞ⧋āĨ¤ āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞ āϰ⧁āϞāϏ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰ⧋āĻ­āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦ (Proverbs) āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤

# # # āĻ­āĻžāĻ— ā§§: āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāϚāύ (Proverbs) - āϝāĻž āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻŦāĻžāϰ āφāϏ⧇
| āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ | English Translation |
| :--- | :--- |
| ā§§. āϚāĻ•āϚāĻ• āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇āχ āϏ⧋āύāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤ | All that glitters is not gold. |
| ⧍. āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ | Where there is a will, there is a way. |
| ā§Š. āĻāĻ• āĻĸāĻŋāϞ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻĒāĻžāĻ–āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻžāĨ¤ | To kill two birds with one stone. |
| ā§Ē. āĻ†ā§Ÿ āĻŦ⧁āĻā§‡ āĻŦā§āϝ⧟ āĻ•āϰāĨ¤ | Cut your coat according to your cloth. |
| ā§Ģ. āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻāĻ•āĻž āφāϏ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ | Misfortunes never come alone. |
| ā§Ŧ. āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāχ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ | To err is human. |
| ā§­. āύāĻžāϚāϤ⧇ āύāĻž āϜāĻžāύāϞ⧇ āωāĻ āĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāρāĻ•āĻžāĨ¤ | A bad workman quarrels with his tools. |
| ā§Ž. āύāĻžāχ āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāύāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāĻž āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋āĨ¤ | Something is better than nothing. |
| ⧝. āĻĸāĻŋāϞāϟāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāϰāϞ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϟāϕ⧇āϞāϟāĻŋ āϖ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ | Tit for tat. |
| ā§§ā§Ļ. āϝāϤ āĻ—āĻ°ā§āĻœā§‡ āϤāϤ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āώ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ | Barking dogs seldom bite. |
| ā§§ā§§. āĻĻāĻļ⧇āϰ āϞāĻžāĻ āĻŋ āĻāϕ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĨ¤ | Many a little makes a mickle. |
| ⧧⧍. āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āϚāϰāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āϤ⧇āϞ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āĨ¤ | Oil your own machine. |
| ā§§ā§Š. āύāĻžāύāĻž āĻŽā§āύāĻŋāϰ āύāĻžāύāĻž āĻŽāϤāĨ¤ | Many men, many minds. |
| ā§§ā§Ē. āĻœā§‹āϰ āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āϞ⧁āĻ• āϤāĻžāϰāĨ¤ | Might is right. |
| ā§§ā§Ģ. āĻ…āϤāĻŋ āϞ⧋āϭ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϤāĻŋ āύāĻˇā§āϟāĨ¤ | Grasp all, lose all. |
| ā§§ā§Ŧ. āĻ…āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻž āϭ⧟āĻ‚āĻ•āϰ⧀āĨ¤ | A little learning is a dangerous thing. |
| ā§§ā§­. āĻ•āĻˇā§āϟ āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āϕ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āĻŽā§‡āϞ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ | No pains, no gains. |
| ā§§ā§Ž. āĻā§‹āĻĒ āĻŦ⧁āĻā§‡ āϕ⧋āĻĒ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĨ¤ | Strike the iron while it is hot. |
| ⧧⧝. āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ˜ā§‡āϰ āϭ⧟ āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇āχ āϏāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āϝāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ | Danger often comes where danger is feared. |
| ⧍ā§Ļ. āϏāϤāϤāĻžāχ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹ā§ŽāĻ•ā§ƒāĻˇā§āϟ āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻĨāĻžāĨ¤ | Honesty is the best policy. |

# # # āĻ­āĻžāĻ— ⧍: Tense āĻ“ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ (Time & Tense)
| āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ | English Translation |
| :--- | :--- |
| ⧍⧧. āϏāĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤ | It has been raining since morning. |
| ⧍⧍. āĻĻ⧁āχ āϘāĻŖā§āϟāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦāϤ āĻŽā§āώāϞāϧāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤ | It has been raining cats and dogs for two hours. |
| ā§¨ā§Š. āĻĄāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āφāϏāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇ āϰ⧋āĻ—ā§€āϟāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻž āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤ | The patient had died before the doctor came. |
| ⧍ā§Ē. āĻĄāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āφāϏāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϰ⧋āĻ—ā§€āϟāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻž āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤ | The patient died after the doctor had come. |
| ⧍ā§Ģ. āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāχ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧁āϞ⧇ ā§Ģ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āϝāĻžāĻŦāϤ āĻĒ⧜āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤ | I have been reading in this school for five years. |
| ⧍ā§Ŧ. āϏ⧇ āĻ—āϤāĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋ āĻāϏ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ | He came home yesterday. |
| ⧍⧭. āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĻāĻļāϟāĻž āĻŦ⧇āĻœā§‡ āĻĻāĻļ āĻŽāĻŋāύāĻŋāϟāĨ¤ | It is ten minutes past ten. |
| ā§¨ā§Ž. āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĻāĻļāϟāĻž āĻŦāĻžāϜāϤ⧇ āĻĻāĻļ āĻŽāĻŋāύāĻŋāϟ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĨ¤ | It is ten minutes to ten. |
| ⧍⧝. āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĒ⧌āύ⧇ āĻĻāĻļāϟāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻœā§‡āĨ¤ | It is a quarter to ten. |
| ā§Šā§Ļ. āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĻ⧌⧜āĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤ | I saw him running. |
| ā§Šā§§. āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ“āϠ⧇āĨ¤ | The sun rises in the east. |
| ā§Šā§¨. āϏ⧇ āϏāĻžāρāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϟāϤ⧇ āϜāĻžāύ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ | He does not know how to swim. |
| ā§Šā§Š. āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϘ⧜āĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻāĻ–āύ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ•āϤ? | What is the time by your watch? |
| ā§Šā§Ē. āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āύāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§ŸāĻŽāϤ āϚāϞāϛ⧇āĨ¤ | The train is running on time. |
| ā§Šā§Ģ. āϏ⧇ āĻ—āϤāĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ | He went to Dhaka yesterday. |

# # # āĻ­āĻžāĻ— ā§Š: āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤāϏāĻžāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻŋāĻ• (Conditionals & Imaginary)
| āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ | English Translation |
| :--- | :--- |
| ā§Šā§Ŧ. āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϜāĻž āĻšāϤāĻžāĻŽ! | If I were a king! / Would that I were a king! |
| ā§Šā§­. āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ–āĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻĄāĻžāύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ! | Had I the wings of a bird! |
| ā§Šā§Ž. āϏ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇ āϝ⧇āύ āϏ⧇ āϏāĻŦ āϜāĻžāύ⧇āĨ¤ | He talks as if he knew everything. |
| ā§Šā§¯. āϏ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇āύ āϏ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ—āϞāĨ¤ | He spoke as though he were a madman. |
| ā§Ēā§Ļ. āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āφāϏ⧋, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϝāĻžāĻŦāĨ¤ | If you come, I will go. |
| ā§Ēā§§. āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āφāϏāϤ⧇, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϝ⧇āϤāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤ | If you came, I would go. |
| ā§Ē⧍. āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻĢāϞ āĻšāϤ⧇āĨ¤ | If you had worked hard, you would have succeeded. |
| ā§Ēā§Š. āĻĄāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āφāϏāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇āχ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϰ⧋āĻ—ā§€āϟāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻž āϝ⧇āϤ! | If the patient had died before the doctor came! |
| ā§Ēā§Ē. āĻĒ⧁āϞāĻŋāĻļ āφāϏāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇āχ āĻšā§‹āϰāϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϞāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤ | The thief had fled away before the police came. |
| ā§Ēā§Ģ. āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻļāύ āĻĒ⧌āρāĻ›āĻžāϤ⧇ āύāĻž āĻĒ⧌āρāĻ›āĻžāϤ⧇āχ āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āύ āĻ›ā§‡ā§œā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ | No sooner had I reached the station than the train left. |

# # # āĻ­āĻžāĻ— ā§Ē: āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ āĻ“ āϝ⧌āĻ—āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ (Complex & Tricky Structures)
| āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ | English Translation |
| :--- | :--- |
| ā§Ēā§Ŧ. āϏ⧇ āĻāϤ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞ āϝ⧇ āĻšāĻžāρāϟāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ | He is too weak to walk. |
| ā§Ēā§­. āϞ⧋āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻāϤ āĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻŦ āϝ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϤ āĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤ | The man is so poor that he cannot manage food. |
| ā§Ēā§Ž. āĻšā§‹āϰāϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϞāĻžāϞ⧋ āĻĒāĻžāϛ⧇ āϧāϰāĻž āĻĒā§œā§‡āĨ¤ | The thief ran away lest he should be caught. |
| ā§Ē⧝. āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āĻšāĻžāρāĻŸā§‹ āĻĒāĻžāϛ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āύ āĻŽāĻŋāϏ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤ | Walk fast lest you should miss the train. |
| ā§Ģā§Ļ. āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰ āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧋āĨ¤ | Work hard so that you can prosper in life. |
| ā§Ģā§§. āĻāĻ–āύāχ āωāĻĒāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻŦāĻĻāϞāĻžāύ⧋āϰāĨ¤ | It is high time we changed our habits. |
| ā§Ģ⧍. āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āύāĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤ | I had him do the work. / I made him do the work. |
| ā§Ģā§Š. āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϚ⧁āϞ āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤ | I have had my hair cut. |
| ā§Ģā§Ē. āĻšāĻžāϏāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻžāϏāϤ⧇ āϏ⧇ āϘāϰ⧇ āĻĸ⧁āĻ•āϞāĨ¤ | He entered the room laughing. |
| ā§Ģā§Ģ. āĻŽā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϟāĻŋ āύāĻžāϚāϤ⧇ āύāĻžāϚāϤ⧇ āϚāϞ⧇ āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤ | The girl went away dancing. |
| ā§Ģā§Ŧ. āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĻāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ | He has resigned his post. |
| ā§Ģā§­. āφāĻŽāĻŋ āύāĻž āĻšā§‡āϏ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϞāĻžāĻŽ āύāĻžāĨ¤ | I could not help laughing. |
| ā§Ģā§Ž. āϏ⧇ āĻŽāϰāĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻŦ⧁ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ | He would rather die than beg. |
| ā§Ģ⧝. āϏ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻžāχ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ | Either he or his brother has done the work. |
| ā§Ŧā§Ļ. āϰāĻšāĻŋāĻŽāĻ“ āύāĻž, āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻ“ āύāĻž āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ | Neither Rahim nor Karim went there. |

# # # āĻ­āĻžāĻ— ā§Ģ: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­ā§‚āϤāĻŋ (Health & Feelings)
| āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ | English Translation |
| :--- | :--- |
| ā§Ŧā§§. āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻž āϘ⧁āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤ | I feel giddy. / My head is reeling. |
| ā§Ŧ⧍. āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻž āϞ⧇āϗ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ | I have caught a cold. |
| ā§Ŧā§Š. āϏ⧇ āĻ•āϞ⧇āϰāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻž āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤ | He died of cholera. |
| ā§Ŧā§Ē. āϏ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻž āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤ | He died for the country. |
| ā§Ŧā§Ģ. āϏ⧇ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻšāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻž āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤ | He died by su***de. |
| ā§Ŧā§Ŧ. āϛ⧇āϞ⧇āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻŽā§āĻ–āϟāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋āĨ¤ | The boy takes after his father. |
| ā§Ŧā§­. āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰāϟāĻž āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āϞāĻžāĻ—āϛ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ | I feel out of sorts. |
| ā§Ŧā§Ž. āϰ⧋āĻ—ā§€āϟāĻŋāϰ āύāĻžā§œāĻŋ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāĨ¤ | Feel the pulse of the patient. |
| ā§Ŧ⧝. āφāϜ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻ—āϰāĻŽ, āϤāĻžāχ āύāĻž? | It is very hot today, isn't it? |
| ā§­ā§Ļ. āϤāĻžāϰ āĻœā§āĻŦāϰ āĻœā§āĻŦāϰ āϞāĻžāĻ—āϛ⧇āĨ¤ | He feels feverish. |

# # # āĻ­āĻžāĻ— ā§Ŧ: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ (Miscellaneous)
| āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ | English Translation |
| :--- | :--- |
| ā§­ā§§. āĻ•āϞāĻŽāϟāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ | The pen writes well. |
| ⧭⧍. āĻāχ āĻŦ⧇āĻžā§āĻšā§‡ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϜāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻž āύ⧇āχāĨ¤ | There is no **room** in the bench. (Note: place āĻŦāĻž seat āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻž) |
| ā§­ā§Š. āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āϜāĻžāύāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ? | May I have your name, please? |
| ā§­ā§Ē. āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›? | Have you ever been to Cox's Bazar? |
| ā§­ā§Ģ. āĻ…āĻĒāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ…āĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧁ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤ | Death is preferable to dishonour. |
| ā§­ā§Ŧ. āϏ⧇ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋āĨ¤ | He is good **at** English. |
| ā§­ā§­. āϏ⧇ āĻ…āĻ‚āϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāρāϚāĻžāĨ¤ | He is weak **in** Mathematics. |
| ā§­ā§Ž. āϧāύ⧀āϰāĻž āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϏ⧁āĻ–ā§€ āύ⧟āĨ¤ | The rich are not always happy. |
| ⧭⧝. āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻŽāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦ⧜ āύāĻĻā§€āĨ¤ | The Padma is a big river. |
| ā§Žā§Ļ. āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĨ¤ | Corruption is a curse. |
| ā§Žā§§. āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻ•āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ | The beggar has to beg from door to door. |
| ā§Žā§¨. āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻ• āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώāĨ¤ | He is a man of word. |
| ā§Žā§Š. āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ | He is speaking Greek to a Greek. |
| ā§Žā§Ē. āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āϖ⧁āĻŦ āύāĻŋāĻ•āϟāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀āĨ¤ | The examination is knocking at the door. |
| ā§Žā§Ģ. āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžā§œāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ | The house is **to let**. |
| ā§Žā§Ŧ. āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ | He was a teacher of mine. |
| ā§Žā§­. āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž āφāϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āχ āϚāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤ | The baby wants nothing but its mother. |
| ā§Žā§Ž. āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻž? | Does he not go? |
| ā§Žā§¯. āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻ›? | Whom are you speaking to? |
| ⧝ā§Ļ. āĻŦāχāϟāĻŋ āϕ⧇āĻŽāύ āϞāĻžāĻ—āϛ⧇? | How do you like the book? |
| ⧝⧧. āĻāχ āĻ–āĻŦāϰāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ | This news cannot be true. |
| ⧝⧍. āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻĻā§€āĻŽāĻžāϤ⧃āĻ• āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĨ¤ | Bangladesh is a riverine country. |
| ā§¯ā§Š. āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϞ⧋āĨ¤ | He was taken to task. |
| ⧝ā§Ē. āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āϚāĻŋāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻŦāĨ¤ | I will teach him a lesson. |
| ⧝ā§Ģ. āĻŦāĻžāĻ—āĻžāύāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĢ⧁āϞ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤ | The garden is now in full bloom. |
| ⧝ā§Ŧ. āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ āĻĒā§œā§‡ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ | The wind has fallen. |
| ⧝⧭. āφāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻŽā§‡āϘāϞāĻžāĨ¤ | The sky is overcast. |
| ā§¯ā§Ž. āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ āϞ⧋āĻ•āĨ¤ | You are a man after my heart. |
| ⧝⧝. āĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻœā§āĻžāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋ āύāĻžāĨ¤ | Do not look down upon the poor. |
| ā§§ā§Ļā§Ļ. āĻĻāĻŋāύāϟāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻ–āĻžāϰāĻžāĻĒ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ | I have had a bad day. |

**āĻĒ⧜āĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ:** āĻāχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āϟāĻŋāϏ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇ *Conditional sentence* (āϝāĻĻāĻŋ...āϤāĻŦ⧇), *Proverbs* (āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ), āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ *Appropriate Preposition* āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžā§Ÿ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āφāϏ⧇āĨ¤

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