08/12/2025
Connectors āĻŦāĻž Linkers āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ **Function (āĻāĻžāĻ)** āĻāĻŦāĻ **Placement (āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ)** āĻŦā§āĻāĻž āĻā§āĻŦ āĻāϰā§āϰāĻŋāĨ¤ āύāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻš āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϞā§āĨ¤
# # # ā§§. āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āϰāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠(Sequence/Order)
āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻž āĻāĻāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžāϰ āϧāĻžāĻĒ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
* **Connectors:** Firstly (āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāϤ), Secondly (āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§āϤ), Then (āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ), After that (āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰā§), Finally/Lastly (āĻ
āĻŦāĻļā§āώā§)āĨ¤
* **Rule:** āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ Paragraph-āĻāϰ āĻļā§āϰā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻžā§ āĻāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻļā§āϰā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
* **Examples:**
* **Firstly**, you need to buy a ticket. **Secondly**, collect your boarding pass. **Then**, wait for the announcement. **Finally**, board the plane.
* (āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāϤ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ, āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϰā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻžāϏ āύāĻŋāύ, āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ āĻā§āώāĻŖāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻ
āĻĒā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ
āĻŦāĻļā§āώ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻ ā§āύāĨ¤)
# # # ⧍. āĻ
āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻāϰāϤ⧠(Adding Information)
āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āϤāĻĨā§āϝā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāϰāĻ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āϝā§āĻ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
* **Connectors:** And (āĻāĻŦāĻ), Moreover (āϤāĻžāĻāĻžā§āĻž/āĻ
āϧāĻŋāĻāύā§āϤā§), Furthermore (āϤāĻĻā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋ), Besides (āϤāĻžāĻāĻžā§āĻž), In addition (āĻ
āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ), Not only...but also (āĻļā§āϧ⧠āĻāĻāĻž āύāĻž... āĻāĻāĻžāĻ)āĨ¤
* **Rule:** âAndâ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϝā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŽā§āĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻšā§, āϤāĻŦā§ āĻĒāϰā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻļā§āϰā§āϤ⧠`Moreover` āĻŦāĻž `Furthermore` āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻļā§āϰā§ā§āĨ¤
* **Examples:**
* Mobile phones help us communicate. **Moreover**, they are a source of entertainment. (āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞ āϝā§āĻāĻžāϝā§āĻā§ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāĻžā§āĻž, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§āϰāĻ āĻā§āϏāĨ¤)
* The house is too expensive. **Besides**, it is too far from my office. (āĻŦāĻžā§āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻ
āύā§āĻ āĻĻāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāĻžā§āĻž, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ
āĻĢāĻŋāϏ āĻĨā§āĻā§āĻ āĻ
āύā§āĻ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĨ¤)
* He is **not only** a good student **but also** a good player.
# # # ā§Š. āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰā§āϤ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻŽāĻŋāϞ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠(Contrast)
āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻžāϰ āĻāϞā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻāϞā§āĨ¤
* **Connectors:** But (āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤā§), However (āϝāĻžāĻāĻšā§āĻ), Although/Though (āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ), On the other hand (āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻā§), Yet (āϤāĻŦā§āĻ), Instead (āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤā§)āĨ¤
* **Rule:**
* `Although/Though` āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻļā§āϰā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāϏ⧠āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ
āĻāĻļāĻā§ āĻā§ā§āĻž āϞāĻžāĻāĻžā§āĨ¤
* `However` āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻļā§āώ āĻšāĻā§āĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āύāϤā§āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻļā§āϰā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāϏ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻž (,) āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
* **Examples:**
* **Although** the man is rich, he is miser. (āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ āϞā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āϧāύā§, āϏ⧠āĻā§āĻĒāĻŖāĨ¤)
* He studied hard for the exam. **However**, he could not get a GPA-5. (āϏ⧠āĻāĻ ā§āϰ āĻĒā§ā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϝāĻžāĻāĻšā§āĻ/āϤāĻŦā§āĻ, āϏ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋāĻ-ā§Ģ āĻĒāĻžā§āύāĻŋāĨ¤)
* Village life is peaceful. **On the other hand**, city life is chaotic. (āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŦāύ āĻļāĻžāύā§āϤāĨ¤ āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻļāĻšāϰā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŦāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻā§āĻāϞāĨ¤)
# # # ā§Ē. āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠(Cause and Effect)
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāϞā§āĨ¤
**āĻ) āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ (Reason):**
* **Connectors:** Since (āϝā§āĻšā§āϤā§), As (āϝā§āĻšā§āϤā§/āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ), Because (āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ), Due to (āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§)āĨ¤
* **Rule:** `Since` āĻāĻŦāĻ `As` āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻļā§āϰā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ `Because` āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
* **Examples:**
* **Since** the weather was rough, we cancelled the trip. (āϝā§āĻšā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻā§āĻž āĻāĻžāϰāĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻŋāϞ, āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻĒāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻŋāϞ āĻāϰāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤)
* He failed **because** he was lazy.
**āĻ) āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ (Result):**
* **Connectors:** So (āϤāĻžāĻ), Therefore (āĻ
āϤāĻāĻŦ), As a result (āĻĢāϞā§), Consequently (āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāĻžāĻŽā§)āĨ¤
* **Rule:** `So` āĻāύāĻĢāϰāĻŽāĻžāϞ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻĨāĻžā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ `Therefore` āĻŦāĻž `Consequently` āĻĢāϰāĻŽāĻžāϞ āϰāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ-āĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
* **Examples:**
* He violated the traffic rules. **Consequently**, he was fined. (āϏ⧠āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāύ āĻā§āĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāĻžāĻŽā§, āϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤)
* Bangladesh is a small country. **Therefore**, it cannot house a large population properly.
# # # ā§Ģ. āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧠(Giving Examples)
āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāĻā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝā§āϰ āϏāĻĒāĻā§āώ⧠āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻžāύāϤā§āĨ¤
* **Connectors:** For example (āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏā§āĻŦāϰā§āĻĒ), For instance (āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏā§āĻŦāϰā§āĻĒ), Such as (āϝā§āĻŽāύ), Namely (āϝāĻĨāĻž)āĨ¤
* **Rule:** āϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻā§ `Such as` āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āύāϤā§āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻāϰāϞ⧠`For example` āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
* **Examples:**
* We should eat healthy foods, **such as** fruits and vegetables. (āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝāĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ, āϝā§āĻŽāύ āĻĢāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāĻŦāĻāĻŋāĨ¤)
* Many countries are facing economic crisis. **For instance**, Sri Lanka is in a bad state.
# # # ā§Ŧ. āĻļāϰā§āϤ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠(Condition)
āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻšāĻā§āĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āĻāύ⧠āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻļāϰā§āϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
* **Connectors:** If (āϝāĻĻāĻŋ), Unless (āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āύāĻž), Provided that (āĻļāϰā§āϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āϝā§), In case (āϝāĻĻāĻŋ)āĨ¤
* **Examples:**
* **If** you respect others, others will respect you. (āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāϰā§, āĻ
āύā§āϝāϰāĻžāĻ āϤā§āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāϰāĻŦā§āĨ¤)
* You will not succeed **unless** you work hard. (āϤā§āĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻĢāϞ āĻšāĻŦā§ āύāĻž āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āύāĻž āϤā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ ā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤)
* Take an umbrella **in case** it rains. (āĻāĻžāϤāĻžāĻāĻŋ āύāĻžāĻ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻšā§āĨ¤)
# # # ā§. āύāĻŋāĻļā§āĻā§āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻāϰāϤ⧠(Emphasis)
āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāώā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻĒāĻā§āώ⧠āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤā§āĨ¤
* **Connectors:** Actually (āĻāϏāϞā§), In fact (āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻĒāĻā§āώā§), Undoubtedly (āύāĻŋāĻāϏāύā§āĻĻā§āĻšā§), Indeed (āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āϤ)āĨ¤
* **Rule:** āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻā§āϞ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻļā§āϧāϰ⧠āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āύ⧠āϏāϤā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻž āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
* **Examples:**
* Everyone thinks he is happy. **Actually**, he is very depressed. (āϏāĻŦāĻžāĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϏ⧠āϏā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāϏāϞā§, āϏ⧠āĻā§āĻŦ āĻšāϤāĻžāĻļāĨ¤)
* Bangladesh has many problems. **Undoubtedly**, corruption is the biggest one.
# # # ā§Ž. āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ (Relative Pronouns)
āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻā§ āĻāĻ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
* **Connectors:** Who (āϝā§/āĻā§), Which (āϝā§āĻāĻž), That (āϝā§āĻāĻž/āϝāĻž), Where (āϝā§āĻāĻžāύā§), When (āϝāĻāύ)āĨ¤
* **Rule:**
* āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϞā§: **Who**
* āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§ āĻšāϞā§: **Which/That**
* āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻšāϞā§: **Where**
* āϏāĻŽā§ āĻšāϞā§: **When**
* **Examples:**
* I saw a man **who** was crying. (āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻž āϞā§āĻ āĻĻā§āĻāϞāĻžāĻŽ āϝ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāĻĻāĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤)
* This is the pen **which** I lost yesterday. (āĻāĻāĻž āϏā§āĻ āĻāϞāĻŽ āϝā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϞ āĻšāĻžāϰāĻŋā§ā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤)
* 1971 is the year **when** we became independent.
# # # ⧝. āĻāĻĒāϏāĻāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āϤāĻŋ (Conclusion)
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* **Connectors:** To sum up, In short, In conclusion, Above all.
* **Examples:**
* He is rude, lazy, and dishonest. **In short**, he is a bad person. (āϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒā§, āϏ⧠āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻāĻžāϰāĻžāĻĒ āϞā§āĻāĨ¤)
* **Above all**, patriotism is a noble virtue. (āϏāϰā§āĻŦā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋ, āĻĻā§āĻļāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŽ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻšā§ āĻā§āĻŖāĨ¤)
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# # # āĻŽāύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āĻļāϰā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻ āĻā§āĻāύāĻŋāĻ (Summary Rules):
1. **Sentence + Sentence (āϏāĻŽāĻāĻžāϤā§āϝāĻŧ):** `And`, `Moreover`, `Besides`.
2. **Sentence + Sentence (āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰā§āϤ):** `But`, `However`, `Yet`.
3. **Reason (āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ) + Result (āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ):** `So`, `Therefore`.
4. **Result (āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ) + Reason (āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ):** `Because`, `As`.
5. **List (āϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻž):** `Firstly`, `Secondly`, `Finally`.
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