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29/09/2026

Types of blood flow (Part-1): Covered by Dr Hasanat.

29/09/2026

Appearance of a Child with Cretinism :

Obese, stocky and short, often relative enlargement of tongue due to disproportionate growth retardation.

ā§¨ā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€āĻ°āĻž, āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°ā§€āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž....
āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻĒā§œāĻž āĻ•ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ˛āĻ›ā§‡?

28/09/2026

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋā§Ÿ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ‡-
āĻ¤ā§‹āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻļā§‡āĻ–ā§‹, āĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻšāĻ“āĨ¤
āĻĄāĻž. āĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¤

28/09/2026

ā§§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ› āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻŋ, āĻ¸ā§‡āĻŸāĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ -

āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§œā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
āĻāĻ°āĻ•āĻŽ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¨āĻž āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡, āĻāĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽ āĻĢā§‡āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻž.... āĻĒā§œāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ—ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻŦā§‹āĻ°āĻŋāĻ‚, āĻāĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽ āĻĢā§‹āĻŦāĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ¸āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ“ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻ­ āĻ†ā§Ÿā§‹āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻšā§Ÿ?

28/09/2026

āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻŽā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡āĻœā§‡ ā§§āĻŽ āĻŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻĢāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽ āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§€āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§€āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻ¤āĻž āĻ•āĻŋ?
ā§§) āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋāĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ
ā§¨) āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛, āĻŦā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻĄā§‡ āĻĸā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻ­ā§āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ
ā§Š) āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛
ā§Ē) āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻžāĻŽāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻšā§‡āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ­ā§Ÿ āĻĒā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ
ā§Ģ) āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋāĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ uncommon āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡
ā§Ŧ) āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻ›āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž
ā§­) āĻĒāĻžāĻļ āĻĢā§‡āĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻž, āĻĒāĻ°ā§€āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻœāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻŸ āĻšāĻŋāĻ˛!

28/09/2026

Q. What are the investigations will you suggest to evaluate a case of anemia?
Answer:

Investigations for evaluation of anemia
1. Complete blood count (CBC)

Hemoglobin and hematocrit/PCV

RBC count

MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW

Total WBC and platelet count

2. Peripheral blood film (PBF)
Look for:

RBC size and shape

Anisocytosis and poikilocytosis

Target cells, spherocytes, schistocytes

Abnormal or immature cells

3. Reticulocyte count
Increased RBC loss/destruction → increased reticulocyte response

Cause-specific investigations
4. Iron profile: Serum ferritin, Serum iron
TIBC/transferrin, Transferrin saturation

5. Vitamin B12 and folate assay

6. Tests for hemolysis
If hemolytic anemia is suspected:

Indirect bilirubin, LDH, Haptoglobin, Reticulocyte count, Coombs test

7. Evaluation for blood loss
Depending on the clinical setting:

Stool for occult blood

Urinalysis

Gynecological evaluation in women with abnormal uterine bleeding

Upper GI endoscopy/colonoscopy when indicated

8. Renal and liver function

Serum creatinine/eGFR, LFT

Useful in suspected anemia of chronic kidney disease or systemic disease.

9. Other investigations when indicated

ESR/CRP → chronic inflammation

TSH → thyroid disease

Bone marrow examination → unexplained anemia, pancytopenia, suspected marrow disorder or malignancy.

27/09/2026

Model SOE Question: Blood Physiology

a. Name the stages of erythropoiesis. [2 marks]

b. Explain the role of erythropoietin in regulation of erythropoiesis. [3 marks]

Type: Recall + Understanding

27/09/2026

Practical physiology tips👍

āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž Pipette pump. āĻāĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž pipette āĻ āĻŽā§āĻ– āĻ¨āĻž āĻ˛āĻžāĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ accurately āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ‡āĻĄ āĻŸāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤ So āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•...
27/09/2026

āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž Pipette pump. āĻāĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž pipette āĻ āĻŽā§āĻ– āĻ¨āĻž āĻ˛āĻžāĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ accurately āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ‡āĻĄ āĻŸāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤ So āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡, ESR tube āĻ āĻŽā§āĻ– āĻ¨āĻž āĻ˛āĻžāĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž anticoagulant mixed blood āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻšāĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŸā§‡āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŦ 😊

26/09/2026

Iron deficiency anemia:
↓ Serum iron + ↓ ferritin + ↑ TIBC

Sideroblastic anemia:
↑ Serum iron + ↑ ferritin + ↓/normal TIBC + ring sideroblasts

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