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20/07/2026

Perfect Competition- I | Asrarul Islam Chowdhury | Alape Arthanity | Episode 62| Kazi Farms | Deepto News
producer: Md Shahidur Rahman
http://www.youtube.com/-DeeptoTV
00:00-00:24
Today’s Topic:
A. Introduction to perfect competition
00:25-01:58
A. Why markets?
01:59-05:10
A. Assumptions of perfect competition
B. Outcome of perfect competition
05:11-08:56
A. What is competition? A.B.C.
B. Equal and unequal competition
08:57-12:33
A. Market share
B. Zero market share
C. Independent buyers and sellers
12:34-13:57
A. Perfect competition is a benchmark only.
13:58-14:12
A. Next Week: Remaining assumptions of perfect competition
14:13-14:44
End credit
EPISODE SUMMARY
What did we discuss today?
A. Introduction to Perfect Competition
Perfect competition is the first market we encounter in economics. It is therefore good if we understand what perfect competition is, and ow it came to be.
B. Why Markets?
Markets are the eyes through which economics views its world. Markets are the institution through which we allocate resources among buyers and sellers.
C. Assumptions of Perfect Competition:
First: Many buyers and many sellers.
Second: Homogenous Product
Third: Perfect Information
Fourth: Free Entry and Free Exit
If the above assumptions hold, then the final outcome will be free of influence. Influence can be internal (from within the market from buyers and sellers), or external from an outside institution.
D. What is Competition?
Competition is when buyers and sellers compete for the available X a market offers on a certain day. If that amount is less, then market price will be high. If that amount is high, then market price will be low. If there is internal influence, then the market price will be influenced.
Equal and Unequal Competition: Unequal competition arises when either buyers or sellers can influence the market.
Independent Buyers and Sellers: Buyers and sellers cannot be able to collude. If they can, they influence the market price.
Market Share: How much will a buyer buy or a seller sell? If this is insignificant to the total market, then market share is zero, or near to zero. This is the core assumption of perfect competition. With zero share or near to zero share, no buyer(s) or seller(s) can influence the market outcome with their buying and selling decisions.
E: Why should we study Perfect Competition?
Perfect Competition will almost never exist. Yet, we study it as a benchmark through which we compare other markets and other outcomes.
F: Next Episode:
Homogenous products, perfect information, free entry & free exit assumptions.
Alape Arthanity Team
Deepto TV
Kazi Farms

#আলাপেঅর্থনীতি












19/07/2026

আজকের পর্বে আমরা Perfect Competition, পূর্ণ প্রতিযোগিতার সূচনা করব।

আলাপে অর্থনীতির এবারের পর্বে Perfect Competition, পূর্ণ প্রতিযোগিতার সূচনা করব। ২০ জুলাই, সোমবার সন্ধ্যা ৭টা ৩০মিনিটে।
19/07/2026

আলাপে অর্থনীতির এবারের পর্বে Perfect Competition, পূর্ণ প্রতিযোগিতার সূচনা করব।

২০ জুলাই, সোমবার সন্ধ্যা ৭টা ৩০মিনিটে।

13/07/2026

Market Intervention and Price Control | Asrarul Islam Chowdhury | Alape Arthanity | Episode 61| Kazi Farms | Deepto News
Producer: Md. Shahidur Rahman
http://www.youtube.com/-DeeptoTV
00:00-00:26
Today’s Topic:
A. Price Floor and Price Ceiling
00:27-01:02:
A. When markets work, market intervention is not needed
01:03-07:06
A. Price floor
B. Economic conditions of price floor
07:07-12:25
A. Price ceiling
B. Economic conditions of price ceiling
12:26-15:10
A. If price does not work as a signal
B. Non-price signals
C. Pareto improvement
15:11-15:51
A. Next Week: Perfectly competitive market
15:52-16:23
End credit
EPISODE SUMMARY
What did we discuss today?
A. Price Floors and Price Ceilings
For some goods, governments tend to increase the price from their equilibrium These are Price Floors. For other goods, governments reduce the price from the equilibrium. These are Price Ceilings.
B. Where applied:
Price Floors tend to be applied to essential agricultural products; demerit goods, and for a minimum wage. Price Ceilings are usually imposed on essential food, basic utilities, rental housing, and essential medication.
C. Economic factors to succeed:
With Price Floors there is a tendency for a surplus, while with Price Ceilings there is a tendency for shortage. For these to be successful, demand and supply both need to be inelastic so that producers and consumers cannot respond to the change in price.
If surplus or shortage is still observed, then non-price rationing like queueing, coupons etc may be used by the government. Or legal enforcement through government agencies.
The objective of a policy through market intervention is: is it an improvement (Pareto improvement) over the previous situation?
E: Next Episode:
Perfectly competitive markets.
Alape Arthanity Team
Deepto TV
Kazi Farms

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12/07/2026

আজকের পর্বে আমরা Market Intervention এ Price Floor এবং Price Ceiling এই দুটো দেখব

আলাপে অর্থনীতির এবারের পর্বে Price Floor ও Price Ceiling নিয়ে আলোচনা করব।১৩ জুলাই, সোমবার সন্ধ্যা ৭টা ৩০মিনিটে।
12/07/2026

আলাপে অর্থনীতির এবারের পর্বে Price Floor ও Price Ceiling নিয়ে আলোচনা করব।

১৩ জুলাই, সোমবার সন্ধ্যা ৭টা ৩০মিনিটে।

06/07/2026

Market Intervention and Price Control | Asrarul Islam Chowdhury | Alape Arthanity | Episode 60| Kazi Farms | Deepto News

Producer: Md. Shahidur Rahman

http://www.youtube.com/-DeeptoTV
00:00-00:26
Today’s Topic:
A. Price Control
00:27-02:31
Summary Background:
A. Price Control with two famines: 1770 and 1943.
B. Code of Hammurabi, Kautilya Arthashastra, Thomas Aquinas, Al Ghazali, Ibn Khaldun.
02:32-06:12
A. Adam Smith: Prices in markets
B. Jules Dupuit: Cost-Benefit Analysis
C. Alfred Marshall:
D. Arnold Herberger: Deadweight Loss
06:13-10:07
A. Market intervention: The US Experience.
B. Why governments intervene into the market.
10:08-17:42
A. Market equilibrium with welfare maximization
B. Market with deadweight loss
C. Price Control: Price Floor and Price Ceiling
17:43-18:00
A. Next Week: Price Floors and Price Ceiling
18:01-18:33
End credit
EPISODE SUMMARY
What did we discuss today?
A. Background:
Ancient texts like Code of Hammurabi, Kautilya Arthashastra and others have discussed when a ruler needs to intervene into a market. Texts in the Middles Ages did the same. Thomas Aquinas, Al Ghazali, and Ibn Khaldun have discussed the moral obligations when a ruler should intervene into a market.
B. Modern Economics:
Adam Smith discussed the role of prices in markets where prices act as a signal in resource allocation. Jules Dupit laid the foundations of Cost-Benefit analysis, where he discussed loss in utility. Alfred Marshall discussed the same, but it was Arnold Harberger who introduced the term: Deadweight Loss as a loss in welfare. And from there, we get the Harberger Triangles.
C. Price Control:
Price Control are of two types. First: Price Floor, where a maximum price is set. This will lead to a surplus in the market. Second: Price Ceiling, where a minimum price is set. This leads to a shortage in the market.
The questions that arise: First, when will the government use a Price Floor, or a Price Ceiling? Second, How does the government address the surplus and the shortages that is created? We discuss these in the next Episode.
E: Next Episode:
Applications of Price Control
Alape Arthanity Team
Deepto TV
Kazi Farms

#আলাপেঅর্থনীতি














05/07/2026

আজকের পর্বে আমরা Market Intervention এ Price Control কি, সেটা নিয়ে আলোচনা করব।

আলাপে অর্থনীতির এবারের পর্বে Price Control আলোচনা করব। দেখুন, ০৬ জুলাই, সোমবার সন্ধ্যা ৭টা ৩০মিনিটে।
05/07/2026

আলাপে অর্থনীতির এবারের পর্বে Price Control আলোচনা করব।

দেখুন,
০৬ জুলাই, সোমবার সন্ধ্যা ৭টা ৩০মিনিটে।

29/06/2026

Price Control in Famines| Asrarul Islam Chowdhury | Alape Arthanity | Episode 59| Kazi Farms | Deepto News

Producer: Md. Shahidur Rahman

http://www.youtube.com/-DeeptoTV
00:00-00:26
Today’s Topic:
A. Two price controls: Bengal Famines
00:27-00:52
A. We explore two Famines in Bengal: 1770 & 1943. We see how decisions lead to their mismanagement.
00:53-05:05
A. Great Bengal Famine, 1770: Reasons
B. Siraj, Mir Jafar, East India Company
C. Adam Smith’s analysis
05:06-11:11
A. Great Bengal Famine, 1943: Reasons
B. Zainul Abedin and Amartya Sen
C. Amartya Sen’s analysis
11:12-13:12
A. Famines and Governments
B. Price and quantity control in Ancient Greece & Rome
13:13-16:35
A. Code of Hammurabi and Kautilya Arthashastra
B. Governments and just price
16:36-17:29
A. Next Week:
17:30-18:02
End credit

EPISODE SUMMARY
What did we discuss today?
A. Two historical famines in Bengal:
As societies we make decisions. Sometimes these decisions help us solve problems. Other times, they make problems worse. We discuss this in the context of two Famines in Bengal: 1770, and 1943
B. The Great Bengal Famine, 1770:
Bengal, Bihar and Orissa was governed by the East India Company. Crops of the previous two years was bad. The East India Company forced farmers to produce crops that were profitable for them: o***m and indigo. They taxed the farmers exorbitantly. These decisions were devastating. Ten million (one crore) died. This was a third of the population at the time.
In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith criticized the moral foundations of a monopoly like the East India Company in governing Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
C. The Great Bengal Famine, 1943:
The British Raj was the Ruler of India in 1943. Food production in 1943 was more than in 1941. To finance expenses of World War II, the British printed large amounts of money. This lead to foodgrain (paddy) prices to spike. In previous year, the wages of farmers and industrial workers stagnated. If this was not bad enough, the British government policy of re-directed food from East Bengal to feed the urban elite and the British military in West Bengal. This lead to widespread starvation and hunger.
Amartya Sen witnessed the famine as a child. This inspired him to write Poverty and Famines in 1981. Sen’s analysis introduced the entitlement approach. Even in a famine, supply of essentials may not be in deficits. What is important, how many people have access to this supply backed by economic indicators.
D. Responsibilities of a Government:
The Code of Hammurabi, and Kautilya Arthashastra advocated that governments are the guardians of a society. They have moral responsibilities to intervene into markets through price and quantity control when the situation demands.
E: Next Episode:
In the next episode, we discuss the economic tools of price control. Till then, do stay with Alape Arthanity.
Alape Arthanity Team
Deepto TV
Kazi Farms

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