ABCD

How '-ing' verbs are made:

1. y ing = ying

play = playing
fly = flying
study = studying

2. e = (drop the e) ing
If the verb ends in an E we remove the E and add ING.

dance - dancing
fake = faking
rhyme = rhyming

3. ee ing = eeing

see = seeing
flee = fleeing
agree = agreeing

4. ie = ie (drop the ie) ing
If the verb ends in IE we change it to YING.

die = dying
lie = lying
tie = tying

5. c/v/c* = double final c ing
If the verb ends in a consonant vowel consonant, we double the final consonant and add ING.

run = running
put = putting
stop = stopping

6. If a two-syllable verb ends in a consonant vowel consonant, we do not double the final consonant when the stress is on the first syllable.

Infinitive - ING form
to happen - happening
to enter - entering
to offer - offering
to suffer - suffering

7. We do not double the final consonant when the verb ends in W, X or Y or when the final syllable is not emphasized.

Infinitive - ING form
to fix - fixing
to enjoy - enjoying
to snow - snowing

8. If the verb ends in a stressed vowel R, we double the final R and add ING.

Infinitive - ING form
refer - referring
defer - deferring

9. If the verb ends in an unstressed vowel R, we do not double the final R and add ING.

Infinitive - ING form
to offer - offering
to suffer - suffering
to whisper - whispering

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The 12 Verbs Tenses:

1. Simple Past - Past form of the verb is used in this tense.
St. : Subject + V2 + Object
Eg: I ate a pizza yesterday.

2. Simple Present - Present form of the verb is used in this tense.
Structure: Subject + V + Object
Eg: I eat pizza on Sundays.

3. Simple Future - 'Will' is used With verb in this tense.
Structure: Subject + will + V + Object
Eg: I will eat pizza Tomorrow.

4. Past Continuous - 'Ing' form of the verb is used with 'was/were' to indicate Past Continuous.
Structure: Subject + was/were + (V+ing) + Object
Eg: I was eating pizza yesterday.

5. Present Continuous - 'Ing' form of the verb is used with 'is/am/are' to indicate Present Continuous.
Structure: Subject + is/am/are + (V+ing) + Object
Eg: I am eating pizza right now.

6. Future Continuous - 'Ing' form of the verb is used with 'will be' to indicate Future Continuous.
Structure: Subject + 'will be' + (V+ing) + Object
Eg: I will be eating pizza when you arrive.

7. Past Perfect - Past participle of the verb is used with 'had' in Past Perfect.
Structure: Subject + had + past participle + Object
Eg: I had eaten pizza when you arrived.

8. Present Perfect - Past participle of the verb is used with 'has/have' in Present Perfect.
Structure: Subject + has/have + past participle + Object
Eg: I have eaten all the pizza.

9. Future Perfect - Past participle of the verb is used with 'will + have' in Future Perfect.
Structure: Subject + will + have + past participle + Object
Eg: I will have eaten all the pizza by the time you arrive.

10. Past Perfect Continuous - 'Ing' form of the verb is used with 'had been' to indicate Past Perfect Continuous.
Structure: Subject + had been + (V+ing) + Object
Eg: I had been eating pizza for 2 hours when you arrived.

11. Present Perfect Continuous - 'Ing' form of the verb is used with 'has/have + been' to indicate Present Perfect Continuous.
Structure: Subject + 'has/have been' + (V+ing) + Object
Eg: I have been eating pizza since morning.

12. Future Perfect Continuous - 'Ing' form of the verb is used with 'will have been' to indicate Future Perfect Continuous.
Structure: Subject + will have been + (v+ing) + Object
Eg: I will have been eating pizza for 4 hours when you arrive.

Ways to congratulate someone:

1. You're doing a good Job
(তুমি খুব ভালো কাজ করছো)

2. You're doing beautifully
(তুমি সুন্দরভাবে করছো)

3. You are really growing up
(তুমি সত্যি উন্নতি করছো)

4. That is the way to do it
(এভাবেই করতে হয়)

5. You are very good at it
(তুমি এতে খুব ভালো)

6. You are on the right track now
(তুমি সঠিক পথে আছো)

7. You are really going to town
(তুমি সত্যি ভালো করবে)

8. Keep up the good work
(এভাবেই চালিয়ে যাও)

9. That is the right way to do it
(এটাই সঠিক ভাবে করার পথ)

10. That is better than ever
(এটা সব থেকে ভালো)

11. You have done a great job!
(তুমি খুব ভালো কাজ করছো!)

12. You are getting better every day
(তুমি দিন দিন আরো ভালো করছো)

13. You have just mastered that
(তুমি এটা খুব ভাল করে শিখে গেলে)

14. nothing can stop you now.
(তোমাকে এখন কেউ আটকাতে পারবে না)

15. That is the best you have ever done.
(এটাই তোমার সেরা)

16. Keep working, you are getting better
(কাজ করে যাও, তুমি দিন দিন ভালো করছো)

17. I am happy to see you working like that
(তোমাকে এমন কাজ করতে দেখে আমি খুশি)

18. Well done!
(খুব ভালো কাজ!)

19. Fantastic.
(অসাধারণ)

20. Hats Off!
(সেলাম তোমাকে)

21. Sensational.
(অপূর্ব)

22. Respects
(সম্মান)

23. Good job!
(ভালো কাজ!)

24. You rock!
(তুমি কাঁপিয়ে দিচ্ছ)

25. Nicely done
(খুব ভালো করে হয়েছে)

26. It's perfect
(একদম ঠিক)

27. Way to go
(খুব ভালো)

28. You did it!
(তুমি এত করতে পেরেছ)

29. You are a genius!
(তুমি অনেক বুদ্ধিমান)

30. You are the best.
(তুমি সেরা)

31. You have got it.
(তুমি এটা পারবে)

32. Pat on the back.
(পিঠ চাপড়ানো)

33. That's the way.
(এভাবেই করতে হয়)

34. You really deserved it.
(তুমি এটার যোগ্য)

35. You did it this time.
(তুমি এবার করতে পেরেছ)

Tech-related words:

1. Portable hard drive: the removable hard disk/pen drive
E.g. Portable hard drive is very easy to carry and beneficial for essential file storage.

2. USB (Universal Serial Bus): a cable which is used to connect computer and mobile phone
E.g. We can access the files on mobile phones by connecting it to the computer using USB cable.

3. Cellphone/Smartphone/iPhone: These are the different names for a Mobile Phone which are changing with time and technology.
E.g. An iPhone has a brand image all over the world in mobile phone categories.

4. iPod: It’s a device used for listening to music.
E.g. iPod is a brand of Apple for listening to music. It consists of a good storage capacity.

5. iPad: It’s nothing but the tablet computer which is designed and marketed by Apple Inc.
E.g. iPad is very efficient to use for videos, photos, music, and Internet functions, such as web-browsing and emailing.

6. Digital Camera: This camera encodes the digital images and videos digitally and stores them.
E.g. The sale of digital cameras is increasing day by day.

7. Joystick: A remote control used for handling different steps while playing a video game.
E.g. Joystick is needed to be connected to T.V.

Types of nouns:

1. Common noun - used to name people, places or things in general
(মানুষ, জায়গা বা সাধারণ জিনিসের নামে ব্যবহৃত)
Ex: girl, city, animal, house
(যেমন: মেয়ে, শহর, পশু, ঘর)

2. Proper noun - used to name a specific person, place or thing
(একটি নির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তির, জায়গা বা জিনিস নাম ব্যবহৃত)
Ex: John, London, Pluto, France
(যেমন: জন, লন্ডন, প্লুটো, ফ্রান্স)

3. Concrete noun - refers to people or things that exist physically and at least one of the senses can detect
(মানুষ বা বস্তুগুলি শারীরিকভাবে বিদ্যমান এবং অন্তত একটি ইন্দ্রিয় সনাক্ত করতে পারে বোঝায়)
Ex: dog, tree, apple, moon
(যেমন: কুকুর, গাছ, আপেল, চাঁদ)

4. Abstract noun - have no physical existence. They refer to ideas, emotions, and concepts
(কোন শারীরিক অস্তিত্ব নেই. তারা আবেগ এবং ধারণা বোঝায়)
Ex: time, fear, freedom
(যেমন: সময়, ভয়, মুক্তি)

5. Countable noun - have a singular and plural form and can be used with a number or a\an before it
(একটি একবচন এবং বহুবচন ফর্ম এবং এটি একটি নম্বর বা এটি আগে একটি ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে)
Ex: car, cup, bike
(যেমন: গাড়ি, কাপ, বাইক )

6. Uncountable noun - cannot be counted
(গণনা করা যায়না এমন)
Ex: hair, milk
(যেমন: চুল, দুধ)

7. Compound noun - two or more words that create a noun
(দুই বা ততোধিক শব্দ যা একটি বিশেষ্য তৈরি করে)
Ex: credit card, pile
(যেমন: ক্রেডিট কার্ড, স্তর)

8. Collective noun - refers to a set or group of people, animals or things
(একটি সেট বা মানুষের গ্রুপ, প্রাণী বা জিনিষ বোঝায়)
Ex: team, pile, stack
(যেমন: টিম, স্তর)

Countable vs. Uncountable Nouns:

Countable (গণনাযোগ্য)

1. Bun (বন রুটি)
2. Sandwich (স্যান্ডউইচ)
3. Burger (বার্গার)
4. Fries (ফ্রাইস)
5. Eggs (ডিম)
6. Salad (সালাদ)
7. Vegetables (সবজি)
8. Cookies (বিস্কুট)
9. Apple (আপেল)
10. Orange (কমলা)
11. Potatoes (আলু)
12. Peanuts (বাদাম)

Uncountable (অগণনীয়)

1. Bread (রুটি)
2. Fruit (ফল)
3. Juice (রস)
4. Rice (চাল)
5. Cereal (খাদ্যশস্য)
6. Jam (জ্যাম)
7. Coffee (কফি)
8. Sugar (চিনি)
9. Soup (সুপ্)
10. Salt (লবন)
11. Tea (চা)
12. Milk (দুধ)

Parts of a Bike:

1. Rim (চাকার পরিধি বা বেড়)

2. Seat (আসন)

3. Seat post (আসন পোস্ট)

4. Crossbar (ক্রশবার)

5. Handlebars (হাতল)

6. Down tube (নিচের নল)

7. Tyre (চাকার ধাতুনির্মিত বেড়)

8. Chain (শিকল)

9. Pedal (পা-দান)

10. Hub (চক্রকেন্দ্র)

11. Spoke (চাকার অর)

Conjunction: a word that joins together sentences, clauses, phrases, or words.

1. For
We sometimes use as a conjunction meaning ‘because’. We use it in very formal, and often literary, contexts:

E.g. ‘We love God, for he first loved us.

2. And
Used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly.

E.g. Bread and butter.

3. Nor
Used before the second or further of two or more alternatives (the first being introduced by a negative such as ‘neither’ or ‘not’) to indicate that they are each untrue or each does not happen.

E.g. They were neither cheap nor convenient.

4. But
Used to introduce a phrase or clause contrasting with what has already been mentioned.

E.g. He stumbled but didn't fall.

5. Or
Used to link alternatives.

E.g. A cup of tea or coffee.

6. Yet
But at the same time; but nevertheless.

E.g. The path was dark, yet I slowly found my way.

7. So
And for this reason; therefore.

E.g. It was still painful so I went to see a specialist