Academy of Business English and Communication

Absolute Phrase (Synthesis of Sentences)

The technique of absolute phrase, means, refining the sentences, add ‘having’ after the subject of the first sentence and write the third form of the verb after ‘having’, and then write the second sentence.

For Example
The teacher entered the class. The students set to reading.
The teacher having entered the class, the students set to reading.

The soldiers arrived. The mob dispersed.
The soldiers having arrived, the mob dispersed

**
If there are helping verbs like is, are, am, was, and were, then add ‘having been’ before the third form of the verb.
For Example:
The rains are heavy. The floods are feared.
The rains having been heavy, the floods are feared.

Grammar Aid :

Participles (Synthesis of Sentences)
When two sentences are combined in such a way that the subject does the second action after performing the first one.

Rules of Participle
Formula:1st form of the Verb+ing

Examples:
*They pulled down a tree. They blocked the road.
Pulling down a tree, they blocked the road.

* I worked hard. I sat down for rest.
Working hard, I sat down for rest.

*He was fatigued. He laid his work aside.
Being fatigued, he laid his work aside.

*He hurt his foot. He stopped.
Hurting his foot, he stopped.

*He was unwilling to violence. He returned home.
Being unwilling of violence, he returned home.

*We saw the uselessness. We changed our policy.
Seeing the uselessness, we changed our policy.

*I received no answer. I knocked several times.
Receiving no answer, I knocked several times.

Pronunciation of the word: front
UK /frʌnt/
US /frʌnt/
Listen : https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/front

Pronunciation of the word: Suitable (adjective)
UK /ˈsuː.tə.bəl/ /ˈsjuː.tə.bəl/
US /ˈsuː.t̬ə.bəl/
If you want to listen : https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dict.../english/suitable...

Grammar Aid :

*To think what happened without knowing for sure.
I'm not sure why he's so late. He could have missed the bus.
😊 The speculation: he missed the bus, but it's not known for sure.)
They didn't know why the shipment hasn't arrived yet. They said it could have gone to the wrong address.
😊 The speculation: it went to the wrong address, but it's not known for sure.)
What could have gone wrong?
😊 In other words, can you think of what went wrong?)

Grammar Aid :

* To describe something that was possible, but didn't happen.
Examples:

You could have dropped all the plates. Be more careful next time.
😊 There was a possibility of dropping all the plates, but it didn't happen.)
He could have broken his leg. It's good you were there to catch him.
😊 There was a possibility of him breaking his leg, but it didn't happen.)
She could have lost her job if they had found out.
😊 There was a possibility of her losing her job, but it didn't happen.)

Grammar Aid :

*To describe something you were able to do, but didn't do.

Examples:
I could have phoned, but I preferred to talk to you personally.
😊 I was able to phone, but I didn't.)

She could have won the competition, but in the end she gave up.
(She was able to win the competition, but she didn't.)

You could have passed the test if you had studied for it.
(You were able to pass the test, but you didn't.)

Grammar Aid :

Common Preposition error :

Don’t say:
• We need to discuss about this problem.

Say:
• We need to discuss this problem.
• We need to talk about this problem.

The word discuss already means “talk about,” so we never use “about” after discuss!
The word consider is similar - it means “think about,” so we never say “consider about”:

Wrong :I’m considering about your advice.
Right : I’m considering your advice.
Right :I’m thinking about your advice.

Communication Tips :

Use Positive Language:
In business writing it is important to use positive language in order to get the results you want.

**Negative: We are unable to promote you to supervisor because you do not have the skills and experience required for this position.

Positive: We will be able to promote you to supervisor when you meet the experience required for this position.

**Negative: We will not start repairing your test equipment until we receive a deposit.

Positive: We will begin repairing your test equipment once we receive a deposit.

Grammar Aid :

Don’t say:
• I asked to the teacher a question.

Say:
• I asked the teacher a question.
Rule : Never use the structure “ask + to + someone.”

Instead, you can say it like this: ask + someone (without “to”)
• He’s asking them for the information.
• She always asks me how I’m doing.
• I’ve already asked John about this issue.

Grammar Aid:

do/does/did questions:

We say:
**What time does the film start?
But- Do you know what time the film starts? (not does the film start)

**Why did she leave early?
But- I wonder why she left early.
# # if or whether where there is no other question word (what, why etc.).

**Did anybody see you?
But- Do you know if anybody saw you or whether anybody saw you?

# # asked me where ... (reported questions):
The same changes in word order happen in reported questions--
Compare the sentences :

Direct : The police officer said to us ‘Where are you going ?’
Reported: The police officer asked us where we were going .

Direct : Clare said ‘What time do the banks close ?’
Reported: Clare wanted to know what time the banks closed.

In reported speech the verb usually changes to the past (were, closed etc.).

Grammar Aid :

The Object of a verb or of a preposition, when it is a Pronoun, should be in the Objective form; as,

• Between you and me (not I) affairs look dark.
• There is really no difference between you and me. Let you and me (not I) do it.
• Please let Jack and me go to the theatre.
• Her (not she), who had been the apple of his eye, he now began to regard with something like distrust.
• Him (not he), who had always inspired in her a respect which almost overcame her affection, she now saw the object of open pleasantry.
• He has given great trouble to my father and me (not I).