Focus Only English

"‘Macbeth’ থেকে শিখলাম— অতিরিক্ত উচ্চাকাঙ্ক্ষা মানুষের সর্বনাশ করে! আর পরীক্ষার আগে বেশি পড়ার চেষ্টা থেকে শিখলাম— অতিরিক্ত পড়ার চেষ্টায় কিছুই মনে থাকে না! 📚😵"

"If Shakespeare were alive today, he’d be writing tragic plays about people running out of phone battery at 1%!"

Death Be Not Proud
By John Donne
Bangla Summary

সাধারণত মৃত্যুর মাধ্যমে মানুষের এই দুনিয়াবী সুন্দর জীবনের সমাপ্তি ঘটে। অনেকেই মৃত্যুকে প্রচন্ড ভয় পায়। কারণ মৃত্যু অনেক শক্তিশালী। তার শক্তির কাছে সবাই হার মেনে যায়। কিন্তু কবি এখানে মৃত্যুকে সরাসরি দূর্বল বলে সম্বোধন করেন। তার মতে, মৃত্যু মোটেই ভয়ংকর না যে তাকে ভয় পেতে হবে। মৃত্যু হয়তো নিজেকে নিয়ে গর্ব করে। কিন্তু তার এই গর্ব অনর্থক। আপাতদৃষ্টিতে মৃত্যুর দ্বারা জীবন শেষ মনে হয়। কিন্তু প্রকৃতপক্ষে এর মাধ্যমে মানুষের নতুন জীবনের সূচনা হয়। মানুষ মৃত্যুর মাধ্যমে স্বর্গীয় জীবনে প্রবেশ করে। তাই কবি মৃত্যুকে তিরস্কার করে তার প্রতি করুণা দেখিয়েছেন।

কবির মতে, মৃত্যু কেবলমাত্র ক্ষনস্থায়ী ঘুমের মত। ঘুম একটি স্বাভাবিক প্রক্রিয়া। কিছুক্ষণ ঘুমানোর পর আমরা আবার সতেজ হই, কাজ করার শক্তি ফেরত পাই। ঠিক তেমনই মৃত্যুর পর নতুন জীবনে (পরকালে) মানুষ আরও বেশি প্রাণবন্ত হয়ে জেগে ওঠে। মৃত্যু পরকালের জীবনে পা রাখার একটি সিঁড়ি মাত্র।

মৃত্যুর নিজের কোনো শক্তি নেই। সে কেবলমাত্র ভাগ্যের দাস। মৃত্যু শুধুমাত্র কিছু তুচ্ছ দুনিয়াবি ঘটনা যেমন- অসুস্থতা, যুদ্ধ-বিগ্রহ, দূর্ঘটনা ইত্যাদি কারণে হয়ে থাকে। মৃত্যু শুধুমাত্র ক্ষণস্থায়ী ঘুমন্ত অবস্থা, ঠিক যেমন আফিম ও যাদুমন্ত্র মানুষকে অল্প সময়ের জন্য অবচেতন করে রাখে। কবি মৃত্যুকে আফিম এবং যাদুমন্ত্রের সাথে তুলনা করে তাচ্ছিল্য করেছেন। এত নগণ্য হয়ে মৃত্যুর এমন গর্ব করা অনাকাঙ্ক্ষিত।

Honours Second Year
Subject: Romantic Poetry.
Poem : Christabel.
A to z basic information 🌿🌿🌿

√√√ Introduction:

Christabel by Samuel Taylor Coleridge is a 1797 gothic poem that tells the story of a pure and virtuous young woman named Christabel, who is visited by a mysterious and beguiling stranger named Geraldine while her father is away. The poem is divided into two parts, with the first part being the longer of the two.

Part 1

The poem begins with an introduction to the pure and virtuous Christabel, who is described as having a calming and peaceful presence. Her deep religious beliefs motivate her to pray in a secret spot in the woods. One night, while Christabel is alone in the woods, she hears a moaning sound. She investigates and comes across a beautiful young woman named Geraldine, who claims to have been abducted and left in the woods by a group of men.

Christabel is immediately sympathetic and decides to help Geraldine. The two women quickly become friends, and Christabel is fascinated by Geraldine's beauty. However, throughout the night, Christabel feels an overwhelming sense of fear and unease due to Geraldine's increasingly strange and mysterious behavior.

Part 1 ends with Geraldine falling asleep in Christabel's arms, while Christabel suffers from strange dreams and visions.

Part 2

Christabel wakes up the next morning to discover that Geraldine is gone. While she feels a sense of confusion and loss, she also experiences a sense of relief. Something about Geraldine was not of this world and was therefore terrifying.

In Part 2, Christabel introduces her father, Sir Leoline, a wealthy and powerful man with deep love for his daughter. Meeting him, readers learn of his guilt and remorse over the death of his wife, who died while giving birth to Christabel.

When Christabel tells Sir Leoline about her encounter with Geraldine, he becomes furious. He believes that Christabel has been seduced and corrupted by Geraldine and vows to seek revenge against the men who abducted her. Sir Leoline also decides to hold a feast in honor of his daughter to celebrate her survival and show the world that she is still pure and innocent.

The poem ends on an ambiguous note, and it is unclear whether Christabel has been saved or corrupted by her encounter with Geraldine. The elements of fear, darkness, and mystery continue to linger, leaving readers with an eerie feeling.

√√√ Themes:

There are several themes that run throughout Christabel. One of the main themes is the danger of the unknown. The poem explores the idea that what we don't understand can be dangerous and frightening. It also explores the idea that beauty can be deceptive and that appearances can be misleading.

Another theme is the idea of innocence and corruption. The poem contrasts the purity of Christabel's character with the darkness and corrupted nature of Geraldine. It also explores the idea that innocence can be easily corrupted by outside forces.

Christabel is also a poem with strong religious undertones. It explores the idea of sin, guilt, and redemption, as well as the idea of faith and the power of prayer.

√√√ Characters:

There are several characters in the poem Christabel by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

1. Christabel - The protagonist of the poem is a pure and virtuous young woman. She is deeply religious and spends her time praying alone in a secret spot in the woods. Christabel is fascinated by Geraldine's beauty and takes her in when she claims to have been abducted. However, she is tormented by strange dreams and visions throughout the night.

2. Geraldine - A mysterious and beguiling stranger who claims to have been abducted by a group of men and left in the woods. She is weak and in need of Christabel's assistance. While Christabel is drawn to Geraldine's beauty, there is something dark and sinister about her behavior that leaves Christabel feeling uneasy.

3. Sir Leoline - Christabel's father is a wealthy and powerful man who deeply loves his daughter. However, he is haunted by guilt and remorse over the death of his wife and becomes furious when Christabel tells him about her encounter with Geraldine. Sir Leoline believes that Christabel has been seduced and corrupted by Geraldine and plans to seek revenge against the men who abducted her.

4. The spirit of Christabel's mother - While the spirit of Christabel's mother does not appear as a physical character, it plays an important role in the poem's plot. It is suggested that her spirit haunts Sir Leoline and contributes to his guilt and remorse over her death.

√√√ Literary Devices:

Coleridge employs various literary devices to create a gothic and mysterious atmosphere, including imagery, symbolism, foreshadowing, repetition, and alliteration.

√√√ Conclusion:

Christabel by Samuel Taylor Coleridge is a gothic masterpiece that delves into the darker side of humanity and the dangers of the unknown. With its mysterious plot, eerie tone, and strong themes, it continues to captivate readers today.

(Collected)

Honours 2nd Year
Poem : London ( Experiencee)
Writer : William Blake

English Summary :- Into the series of experience "London"is the most important poem.In the first stanza the poet describes that when he was moving through the streets of London, he found that nobody is happy. He realized that all faces are the symbol of misery and woe. In the second stanza he heard the crying voice of infants and others.All people are chained by the corrupt situation of society. The poor chimney sweepers are the victims of religious hypocrisy. They are oppressed by the Priest and King. The soldiers are the victims of corrupt government. They shed their blood forcibly for their King. Then the poet also says that when he was walking through the streets at midnight, he hears the scream of the prostitutes. Here, the poet showed that the main fact of harlotry is loveless marriage. Blake described the pathetic situation of the 18th century in England. The main oppressed of England at the time were the chimney sweeper, the soldier, and the harlots. So, the poet presented the city of London having some evil of the society and effectively expresses his rest.

Honours 2nd Year
Poem : The Nurse's Song (Songs of Experience)
Writer : William Blake

বাংলা সামারি : এই কবিতায় সেবিকাকে ঈর্ষাপরায়ণ হিসেবে চিত্রিত করা হয়েছে। মাঠে বসে বালক বালিকারা গল্প করে, কোলাহল করে এবং তাদের কানাকানির ফিসফিস শব্দ যখন সেবিকা শুনতে পান তখন তাঁর নিজের যৌবনের স্মৃতি মনে ভেসে উঠে এবং চোখে মুখে আনন্দে যৌবনের রং ফুটে উঠে । আবার তৎক্ষণাৎ তার মনে পড়ে বার্ধক্যর কথা তখন চেহারা মলিন হয়ে যায়। তাই বালক বালিকাদের দেখে তার ঈর্ষা হয় এবং বুঝতে পারেন যে, তিনি ও এভাবে যৌবনের উত্তম সময়টা নষ্ট করছে খেলায়। তাই তাদের তা করা উচিত নয়। কারণ এভাবে যৌবনের উত্তম সময় খেলায় মেতে শেষ করলে সামনে শীতের মতো তীব্র বার্ধক্য অপেক্ষা করছে তাদের জন্য। এই যৌবন বেশিদিন টিকে থাকবে না । মৃত্যু ছদ্মবেশ ধরে ঘুরছে আশে পাশে। তাই সবারই উচিত যৌবনের উত্তম সময়গুলো ভালো কাজে ব্যয় করা।

English Summary : In this poem, the nurse is depicted as jealous. When the nurse hears the boys and girls sitting in the field talking, making noise, and whispering, the memories of her own youth come to her mind and the color of youth appears in her eyes with joy. Then she immediately remembers old age and her face becomes gloomy. So when she sees the boys and girls, she feels jealous and realizes that she is also wasting the best time of her youth in playing. So they should not do that. Because if they end the best time of their youth in playing like this, a harsh old age like winter awaits them. This youth will not last long. Death is lurking around in disguise. So everyone should spend the best time of their youth in good deeds.

Q.What is elision? Mention the rules of elision? [NU. 2014, 2016, 2018]

Ans. Elision is defined as the disappearance of a sound. In rapid speech some sounds can be left out, or elided, without damaging the shape of words. The technical term for this is elision. It often occurs with clusters of consonants.

Types of Elision,

There are two types of elisions:

Historical Elision- When a sound which existed in an earlier form but over the passage of time, it has dropped from a particular word, then it is called historical elision. e.g. Cupboard, windmill,

✓ Contextual Elision- In contextual_elision, a sound which exists in a word is dropped in a compound or in connected phrase. For example; blindman, sitdown.

Postman /pəsmən/ - the sounds /t/ is silent.

Mashed potatoes /mæſpǝ'ter.tǝoz/ silent. /d/ is

🏞️ The Lotos Eaters by Alfred Tennyson

Odysseus tells his mariners to have courage, assuring them that they will soon reach the shore of their home. In the afternoon, they reach a land "in which it seemed always afternoon" because of the languid and peaceful atmosphere. The mariners sight this "land of streams" with its gleaming river flowing to the sea, its three snow-capped mountaintops, and its shadowy pine growing in the vale.

The mariners are greeted by the "mild-eyed melancholy Lotos-eaters," whose dark faces appear pale against the rosy sunset. These Lotos-eaters come bearing the flower and fruit of the lotos, which they offer to Odysseus's mariners. Those who eat the lotos feel as if they have fallen into a deep sleep; they sit down upon the yellow sand of the island and can hardly perceive their fellow mariners speaking to them, hearing only the music of their heartbeat in their ears. Although it has been sweet to dream of their homes in Ithaca, the lotos makes them weary of wandering, preferring to linger here. One who has eaten of the lotos fruit proclaims that he will "return no more," and all of the mariners begin to sing about this resolution to remain in the land of the Lotos-eaters.

The rest of the poem consists of the eight numbered stanzas of the mariners' choric song, expressing their resolution to stay forever. First, they praise the sweet and soporific music of the land of the Lotos-eaters, fo comparing this music to petals, dew, granite, and tired eyelids. In the second stanza, they question why man is the only creature in nature who must toil. They argue that everything else in nature is able to rest and stay still, but man is tossed from one sorrow to another. Man's inner spirit tells him that tranquility and calmness offer the only joy, and yet he is fated to toil and wander his whole life.

In the third stanza, the mariners declare that everything in nature is allotted a lifespan in which to bloom and fade.As examples of other living things that die, they cite the "folded leaf, which eventually turns yellow and drifts to the earth, as well as the "full-juiced apple," which ultimately falls to the ground, and the flower, which ripens and fades.

Next, in the fourth stanza, the mariners question the purpose of a life of labour, since nothing is cumulative and thus all our accomplishments lead nowhere. They question what...will last," proclaiming that everything in life is fleeting and therefore futile. The mariners also express their desire for "long rest or death," either of which will free them from a life of endless labour.

The fifth stanza echoes the first stanza's positive appeal to luxurious self-indulgence; the mariners declare how sweet it is to live a life of continuous dreaming. They paint a picture of what it might be like to do nothing all day except sleep, dream, eat lotos, and watch the waves on the beach. Such an existence would enable them peacefully to remember all those individuals they once knew who are now either buried ("heaped over with a mound of grass") or cremated ("two handfuls of white dust, shut in an um of brass!"

In the sixth stanza, the mariners reason that their families have probably forgotten them anyway, and their homes fallen apart, so they might as well stay in the land of the Lotos-eaters and "let what is broken so remain." Although they have fond memories of their wives and sons, surely by now, after ten years of fighting in Troy, their sons have inherited their property; it will merely cause unnecessary confusion and disturbances for them to return now. Their hearts are worn out from fighting wars and navigating the seas by means of the constellations, and thus they prefer the relaxing death-like existence of the Land of the Lotos to the confusion that a return home would create.

In the seventh stanza, as in the first and fifth, the mariners bask in the pleasant sights and sounds of the island. They imagine how sweet it would be to lie on beds of flowers while watching the river flow and listening to the echoes in the caves.
Finally, the poem closes with the mariners' vow to spend the rest of their lives relaxing and reclining in the "hollow Lotos land." They compare the life of abandon, which they will enjoy in Lotos land, to the carefree existence of the Gods, who could not care less about the famines, plagues, earthquakes, and other natural disasters that plague human beings on earth. These Gods simply smile upon men, who till the earth and harvest crops until they either suffer in hell or dwell in the "Elysian valleys" of heaven. Since they have concluded that "slumber is more sweet than toil," the mariners resolve to stop wandering the seas and to settle instead in the land of the Lotos-eaters.

পোলাপাইন এখন শান্তি ঠেকো।তোগো দোয়া কবুল হইছে।