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𝗖𝗮𝗹𝗹 / đ—Ēđ—ĩ𝗮𝘁𝘀𝗔đ—Ŋđ—Ŋ đŸŦ𝟴𝟴 đŸŦ𝟭𝟴𝟭đŸĩ 𝟴𝟰𝟮 đŸĩ𝟰𝟱 Mahfuzur Rahman, an experienced Language Trainer with 17+ years of expertise in helping learners master Spoken, Written, and Professional English.

26/04/2026

📘 English Freehand Writing
✍ Post – 47







📘 Common Errors in English Writing—

1) Fragment Sentence (āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ): āϝ⧇ “āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯â€ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ āύāĻžâ€”āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϤ⧇ subject/verb āύ⧇āχ āĻŦāĻž main clause āύ⧇āχāĨ¤

Wrong:
â€ĸ Because I was tired.
â€ĸ When he arrived at the station.

Correct:
â€ĸ Because I was tired, I went to bed early.
â€ĸ When he arrived at the station, the train had left.

â™Ļī¸Fix āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ:
â€ĸ Subordinating word (because, when, althoughâ€Ļ) āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ main clause āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ
â€ĸ Subject + Verb āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ

2) Dangling Modifier (āĻā§āϞāĻ¨ā§āϤ modifier): Modifier (phrase/clause) āφāϛ⧇, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϝāĻžāϕ⧇ modify āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇, āϏ⧇āχ subject āύ⧇āχ/āϭ⧁āĻ˛â€”āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

Wrong: Walking along the road, the trees looked beautiful.
👉 (āϕ⧇ āĻšāĻžāρāϟāĻ›āĻŋāϞ? “trees” āύāĻž!)

Correct:
â€ĸ Walking along the road, I found the trees beautiful.
â€ĸ While I was walking along the road, the trees looked beautiful.

â™Ļī¸Fix āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ:
â€ĸ Modifier-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• subject āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ
â€ĸ āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻšāϞ⧇ who/while/when clause āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ

3) Misplaced Modifier (āϭ⧁āϞ āϜāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻžā§Ÿ modifier): Modifier āϭ⧁āϞ āϜāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāϏ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞ noun/idea-āϕ⧇ modify āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

Wrong: She almost drove her kids to school every day.
👉 (āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāρ⧜āĻžā§Ÿ: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϚāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ “āĻĄā§āϰāĻžāχāĻ­â€ āĻ•āϰāϤ!)

Correct: She drove her kids to school almost every day.

Wrong: I saw a man with a telescope.
👉 (telescope āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡â€”āφāĻŽāĻŋ āύāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ āϞ⧋āĻ•āϟāĻŋ?)

Correct:
â€ĸ Using a telescope, I saw a man.
â€ĸ I saw a man who had a telescope.

â™Ļī¸Fix āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ:
â€ĸ Modifier āϝāĻžāϕ⧇ modify āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇, āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ
â€ĸ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟāϤāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇ clause āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ

4) Double Negative (āĻĻā§āĻŦ⧈āϤ āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ•): āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ negative āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤

Wrong:
â€ĸ I don’t know nothing.
â€ĸ He didn’t do nothing.

Correct:
â€ĸ I don’t know anything.
â€ĸ He didn’t do anything.
â€ĸ I know nothing. (āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ negative—āĻ āĻŋāĻ•)

â™Ļī¸Fix āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ:
â€ĸ āĻāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ negative āϰāĻžāϖ⧁āύ
â€ĸ not + any / ever / anything āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ

5) Faulty Parallelism (āĻ…āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ—āĻ āύ): āĻāĻ•āχ āϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻž/āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āϗ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻāĻ•āϰāĻ•āĻŽ āύāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Wrong: She likes reading, to write, and playing.

Correct:
â€ĸ She likes reading, writing, and playing.
â€ĸ She likes to read, to write, and to play.

Wrong: He is smart, honest, and works hard.

Correct:
â€ĸ He is smart, honest, and hardworking.
â€ĸ He is smart, honest, and hard-working.

â™Ļī¸Fix āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ:
â€ĸ āϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϏāĻŦ āφāχāĻŸā§‡āĻŽā§‡ same form āϰāĻžāϖ⧁āύ
(V-ing / to + V / adjective—āϝ⧇āϟāĻž āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āύ, āϏ⧇āϟāĻžāχ āĻŦāϜāĻžā§Ÿ āϰāĻžāϖ⧁āύ)

â™Ļī¸Tips:

â€ĸ Fragment āφāϛ⧇? → Main clause āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧋
â€ĸ Dangling āφāϛ⧇? → āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• subject āĻŦāϏāĻžāĻ“
â€ĸ Misplaced āφāϛ⧇? → Modifier āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āϜāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻžā§Ÿ āϰāĻžāĻ–ā§‹
â€ĸ Double negative āφāϛ⧇? → āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž negative āϰāĻžāĻ–ā§‹
â€ĸ Parallelism āĻ­āĻžāĻ™āĻž? → same structure āϰāĻžāĻ–ā§‹








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23/04/2026

📘 English Freehand Writing
✍ Post – 46







📘 "Substitution"

â™Ļī¸Substitution āϕ⧀?
👉 Substitution = āφāϗ⧇āϰ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ word/phrase āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āύāĻž āϞāĻŋāϖ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻĻāϞ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϛ⧋āϟ word āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž

👉 āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ:
â€ĸ repetition āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāύ⧋
â€ĸ writing smooth āĻ•āϰāĻž
â€ĸ concise āĻ•āϰāĻž

â™Ļī¸āϕ⧇āύ Substitution āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ?
✔ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻŦāĻžāϰ āύāĻž āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ
✔ writing āϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ āĻ“ professional āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ
✔ redundancy āĻā§œāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ

â™Ļī¸Substitution āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ? 👉 āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āϰ word āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ:

(A) Pronoun āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ Substitution
👉 noun-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻĻāϞ⧇ pronoun

Without substitution: Rahim is a student. Rahim studies hard.

With substitution: Rahim is a student. He studies hard.

(B) “One / Ones” āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡
👉 noun repeat āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇

Without substitution: I like this pen. I don’t like that pen.

With substitution: I like this pen. I don’t like that one.

(C) “Do / Does / Did” āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ (Verb substitution)
👉 verb phrase repeat āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇

Without substitution: She sings better than I sing.

With substitution: She sings better than I do.

(D) “So / Not” āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡
👉 āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋ clause substitute āĻ•āϰāĻž

Without substitution: He is happy. I think he is happy.

With substitution: He is happy. I think so.

(E) Auxiliary āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ Substitution

Without substitution: He can play football, and I can play football too.

With substitution: He can play football, and I can too.

â™Ļī¸Substitution vs Ellipsis (Difference):

Substitution = word replace āĻ•āϰāĻž

Ellipsis = word āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž

Example:
👉 She can sing, and I can (sing) too. → Ellipsis

👉 She can sing, and I can do so too. → Substitution








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22/04/2026

📘 English Freehand Writing
✍ Post – 45







📘 Mood (Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive)—

â™Ļī¸Mood āϕ⧀?
👉 Mood = āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāύ⧋āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ/āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āϧāϰāύ (Attitude of the speaker toward the action)

â™Ļī¸Mood-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāϭ⧇āĻĻ āĻ“ Function:

(A) Indicative Mood: 👉 Function: āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ, āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ, āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻŽāϤ āĻŦāϞāĻž

Examples:
â€ĸ She works in a bank. (fact)
â€ĸ They are playing. (real action)
â€ĸ Do you like tea? (question)

(B) Imperative Mood: 👉 Function: āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ, āĻ…āύ⧁āϰ⧋āϧ, āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ, āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ

Structure: (You understood) + base verb

Examples:
â€ĸ Open the door. (order)
â€ĸ Please help me. (request)
â€ĸ Take rest. (advice)

(C) Subjunctive Mood (āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ): 👉 Function (āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻ•āĻžāϜ):
â€ĸ Unreal / imaginary idea
â€ĸ Wish / desire
â€ĸ Suggestion / demand / necessity
â€ĸ Formal condition

â™Ļī¸Subjunctive Mood āĻ•āĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇?
👉 Subjunctive = āĻāĻŽāύ mood āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āύ⧟, āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž/āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻž/āϜāϰ⧁āϰāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦ/āĻ…āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§Ÿ
â™Ļī¸â™Ļī¸Subjunctive āϚāĻŋāύāĻŦ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇?

👉 āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āϰ signal āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϞ⧇āχ āϏāĻžāĻŦāϜāĻžāĻ‚āĻ•āϟāĻŋāĻ­ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧁āύ:

(1) “If” āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ unreal condition
â€ĸ If I were richâ€Ļ
â€ĸ If he had moneyâ€Ļ

(2) “Wish / If only”
â€ĸ I wish I were there.
â€ĸ If only he knew the truth.

(3) Demand / Suggestion verbs
â€ĸ I suggest that he go.
â€ĸ They demanded that she be present.

(4) Fixed expressions
â€ĸ Long live the king!
â€ĸ God bless you!

â™Ļī¸Subjunctive Mood-āĻāϰ Structure -

Rules:

(A) Present Subjunctive (Suggestion / Demand):

Rule: Subject + verb (base form) + that + Subject + base verb
👉 āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ verb āϏāĻŦ subject-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ same (no -s/-es)

Examples:
â€ĸ I suggest that he go there.
👉 Not: goes)
â€ĸ It is important that she be present.
👉 (Not: is)

(B) Past Subjunctive (Unreal Present):

Rule:👉 āϏāĻŦ subject-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ were āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ (especially “be” verb)

Examples:
â€ĸ If I were a bird, I would fly.
â€ĸ I wish he were here.

(C) Unreal Past (Third Conditional)

Rule: If + past perfect → would have + V3

Examples:
â€ĸ If I had studied, I would have passed.
â€ĸ If she had come, we would have met.

â™Ļī¸â™Ļī¸Real vs Unreal (āϖ⧁āĻŦ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ):

(Indicative)If + presentIf = Real:

Ex. If it rains, I stay home.

Unreal:

Present: If + past

Ex. If I were rich, I would help.

Past: If + past perfect

Ex. If I had known, I would have come.

â™Ļī¸â™Ļī¸Subjunctive Trigger Words (Parts of Speech āϏāĻš āϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻž)

(A) Verbs (Suggestion/Demand):

suggest = āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻž
recommend = āϏ⧁āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž
demand = āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž
insist = āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž
request = āĻ…āύ⧁āϰ⧋āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻž
order = āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž
advise = āωāĻĒāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž
propose = āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻž

(B) Adjectives:

important = āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ
necessary = āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ
essential = āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻ•
urgent = āϜāϰ⧁āϰāĻŋ
vital = āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ

(C) Nouns:

suggestion = āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦ
demand = āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ
request = āĻ…āύ⧁āϰ⧋āϧ
order = āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ

(D) Expressions:

wish = āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻŽāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŋ
If only = āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻšāϤ⧋
It is high time = āĻāĻ–āύāχ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ
As if / As though = āϝ⧇āύ

â™Ļī¸Special Structures:

1) It is high time 👉 Past form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ meaning present

Ex. It is high time we went home.

2) As if / As though

Ex. He talks as if he knew everything.
Ex. She looks as though she were sick.

Ex. He answered as if he had known it earlier.

â™Ļī¸Note:
â€ĸ Mood = speaker-āĻāϰ attitude
â€ĸ Indicative = real
â€ĸ Imperative = order/request
â€ĸ Subjunctive = unreal / wish / suggestion

â™Ļī¸Golden Rule:
✔ Suggestion → base verb
✔ Unreal → past form
✔ Unreal past → past perfect








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Personal Care English Pro

21/04/2026

📘 English Freehand Writing
✍ Post – 44







📘“Common Errors and Essential Features in English Freehand Writing”

1. Run-on Sentence (āϭ⧁āϞāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ): āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻŦāĻž āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ complete sentence āĻāĻ•āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻœā§‹ā§œāĻž āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• punctuation āĻŦāĻž linker āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤

Wrong: I went to school I met my friend we played football

Correct: I went to school. I met my friend. We played football.
Or, I went to school, and I met my friend.

â™Ļī¸Fix āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ:
â€ĸ Full stop (.) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ
â€ĸ Comma + conjunction (and, but)
â€ĸ Semicolon (;)

2. Fragment Sentence (āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ): āϝ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ subject āĻŦāĻž verb āĻŦāĻž complete idea āύ⧇āχāĨ¤

Wrong:
👉 Because I was tired.
👉 When he came to school.
👉 (āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖâ€”main clause āύ⧇āχ)

Correct:
👉 Because I was tired, I went to bed early.
👉 When he came to school, he met me.

â™Ļī¸Fix āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ:
👉 Fragment-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ main clause āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇

3. Redundancy (āĻ…āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻĒ⧁āύāϰāĻžāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ): āĻāĻ•āχ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ…āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāĻ¨ā§€ā§ŸāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤

Wrong:
👉 He returned back again.
👉 It is a free gift.

Correct:
👉 He returned.
👉 It is a gift.

â™Ļī¸Fix āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ:
👉 Extra/duplicate word āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇

4. Ellipsis (â€Ļ / āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž): āĻāĻ•āχ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻŦāĻžāϰ āύāĻž āϞāĻŋāϖ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

Example:
👉 I like tea, and she (likes) coffee.
👉 He can play cricket, and I can (play cricket) too.

â™Ļī¸Use:
👉 Repetition āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāϤ⧇
👉 Sentence āϛ⧋āϟ āĻ“ āϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇

5. Coherence & Cohesion: āĻāχ āĻĻ⧁āĻŸā§‹ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖâ€”āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ related

(A) Coherence (āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇āϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž):
👉 Writing-āĻāϰ idea āϝ⧇āύ logical order-āĻ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇

Wrong:
👉 I like football. The sky is blue. My mother cooks well.
👉 (āϕ⧋āύ logical connection āύ⧇āχ)

Correct:
👉 I like football because it keeps me fit and active.

(B) Cohesion (linking/āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āĻ—):
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ linking words āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž
✔ Linking words:
â€ĸ Firstly
â€ĸ Then
â€ĸ Moreover
â€ĸ However
â€ĸ Therefore

Example: Firstly, I went to school. Then, I attended my class. Finally, I returned home.

Example:

Bad Writing: Because I was tired I went home I went home again it was very very late
👉 Problems:
â€ĸ Fragment
â€ĸ Run-on
â€ĸ Redundancy
â€ĸ No cohesion

Good Writing: Because I was tired, I went home. It was very late, so I took rest.








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📘 English Freehand Writing
✍ Post – 43







📘 Compound–Complex Sentence

â™Ļī¸â™Ļī¸Compound–Complex Sentence āϕ⧀?
👉 Compound–Complex sentence āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯â€”
✔ āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ•āĻŽāĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇ 2āϟāĻŋ independent clause (main clause) āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇
✔ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻŽāĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇ 1āϟāĻŋ subordinate clause (dependent clause) āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:
👉 Compound (⧍āϟāĻŋ main clause) + Complex (ā§§āϟāĻŋ subordinate clause)

â™Ļī¸Basic Structure: IC + IC + DC
(Independent Clause + Independent Clause + Dependent Clause)

Example: She worked hard, and she succeeded because she was determined.→ āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻĢāϞ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϏ⧇ āĻĻā§ƒā§āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻœā§āĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

IC1: She worked hard
IC2: she succeeded
DC: because she was determined

â™Ļī¸â™Ļī¸āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ? (Step by Step):

STEP–1: 2āϟāĻŋ Independent Clause
She worked hard.
She succeeded.

STEP–2: Coordinating Conjunction āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ
She worked hard, and she succeeded
STEP–3: āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ Subordinate Clause āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ
because she was determined

Final Sentence: She worked hard, and she succeeded because she was determined.

â™Ļī¸â™Ļī¸āĻ•ā§ŸāϟāĻŋ Clause āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ?
👉 Minimum:
✔ 2āϟāĻŋ Independent Clause
✔ 1āϟāĻŋ Dependent Clause

👉 Maximum:
✔ 3–5 clause (practical writing-āĻ best)

Note: āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ clause āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧇ sentence complex āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ

â™Ļī¸āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ (Rules):

Rule–1: Independent clause + conjunction
✔ comma + and/but/or

Rule–2: Dependent clause (subordinate)
✔ because, although, if, when

Rule–3: Punctuation
✔ IC, and IC + DC
✔ IC; however, IC + DC

â™Ļī¸āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ Linkers āĻŦāϏ⧇?

🔹Coordinating Conjunction (Compound part)
and → āĻāĻŦāĻ‚
but → āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁
or → āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž
so → āϤāĻžāχ
yet → āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“

🔹Subordinating Conjunction (Complex part)
because → āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ
although → āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“
if → āϝāĻĻāĻŋ
when → āϝāĻ–āύ
while → āϝāĻ–āύ/āϝāĻ–āύāχ
since → āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁

🔹Conjunctive Adverbs (Advanced linking)
however → āϤāĻŦ⧇
therefore → āϤāĻžāχ
moreover → āϤāĻĻ⧁āĻĒāϰāĻŋ

â™Ļī¸â™Ļī¸Structure Patterns:

Pattern–1 - IC + and + IC + because + DC

Example: She studied hard, and she passed because she was dedicated.→ āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒ⧜āĻžāĻļā§‹āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϏ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāĻŋāϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

Pattern–2 - Although + DC, IC + and + IC
Example: Although he was tired, he continued working, and he finished the task.→ āϏ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϚāĻžāϞāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Pattern–3 - IC + but + IC + when + DC

Example: He tried his best, but he failed when the situation became difficult.→ āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻšā§āϚ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤

More examples:

Example–1: I wanted to go outside, but I stayed home because it was raining.→ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

Example–2: She was nervous, yet she performed well because she practiced regularly.→ āϏ⧇ āύāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāϏ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϏ⧇ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻļā§€āϞāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Example–3 - When he arrived, I was reading, and I welcomed him warmly.→ āϏ⧇ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻāϞ⧋, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒ⧜āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āφāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ—āϤ āϜāĻžāύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤








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📘 English Freehand Writing
✍ Post – 42







📘 English Freehand Writing-āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ Clauses:

1. Independent Clause (āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύ Clause): āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ; āĻāĻ•āĻžāχ āĻĻāĻžāρ⧜āĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

Example: She works hard.→ āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

2. Noun Clause (Noun-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇): subject / object / complement āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Example: I know that he is honest.→ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϜāĻžāύāĻŋ āϝ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻ¸ā§ŽāĨ¤

3. Adjective / Relative Clause: (Noun modify āĻ•āϰ⧇)

Example: The boy who is playing is my brother.→ āϝ⧇ āϛ⧇āϞ⧇āϟāĻŋ āϖ⧇āϞāϛ⧇, āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻžāχāĨ¤

4. Adverb Clause: (āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž/āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ modify āĻ•āϰ⧇)
â™Ļī¸Time Clause (āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ): when, while, after

Example: When he came, I was reading.→ āϏ⧇ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻāϞ⧋, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒ⧜āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤

â™Ļī¸Reason Clause (āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ): because, since

Example: He stayed home because he was sick.→ āϏ⧇ āĻ…āϏ⧁āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

â™Ļī¸Result Clause (āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ): soâ€Ļthat

Example :He was so tired that he slept.→ āϏ⧇ āĻāϤ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇ āϘ⧁āĻŽāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒ⧜āϞāĨ¤

â™Ļī¸Purpose Clause (āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ): so that, in order that

Example: He studies hard so that he can pass.→ āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒ⧜āĻžāĻļā§‹āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

â™Ļī¸Condition Clause (āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ): if, unless

Example: If you study, you will succeed.→ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒ⧜, āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻĢāϞ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

â™Ļī¸Contrast Clause (āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž): although, though

Example: Although he is poor, he is happy.→ āϏ⧇ āĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻŦ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āϏ⧁āĻ–ā§€āĨ¤

â™Ļī¸â™Ļī¸Advanced Structures:

1. Compound Sentence (āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦ⧟ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ)
👉 āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻŋ clause and, but, or āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ

Example: She worked hard, and she succeeded.→ āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻĢāϞ āĻšāϞ⧋āĨ¤

2. Complex Sentence (āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ)
👉 āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ main clause + āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ subordinate clause

Example: She succeeded because she worked hard.→ āϏ⧇ āϏāĻĢāϞ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

3. Compound-Complex Sentence
👉 āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• clause āĻāĻ•āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇

Example: She worked hard, and she succeeded because she was determined.→ āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻĢāϞ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϏ⧇ āĻĻā§ƒā§āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻœā§āĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

4. Inversion (āωāĻ˛ā§āϟāĻžāύ⧋ āĻ—āĻ āύ)

Example: Never have I seen such a thing.→ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻāĻŽāύ āϜāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋāύāĻŋāĨ¤
5. Cleft Sentence (āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ)

Example: It was Rahim who solved the problem.→ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϟāĻŋ āϰāĻšāĻŋāĻŽāχ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

6. Passive Voice (āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϝ)

Example: The work was completed.→ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

7. Nominalization (Verb → Noun)

Example: The development of technology is important.→ āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āωāĻ¨ā§āύ⧟āύ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤

8. Parallelism (āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰāĻžāϞ āĻ—āĻ āύ)

Example: Reading, writing, and speaking are important. → āĻĒ⧜āĻž, āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāϞāĻž āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤

9. Conjunctive Adverbs (Clause connector)

Example: He was tired; however, he continued working.→ āϏ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ; āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϚāĻžāϞāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤

10. Reduced Clause (Clause → Phrase)

Example: Working hard, she succeeded.→ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϏ⧇ āϏāĻĢāϞ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤

11. Ellipsis (āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž)

Example: He can play the guitar, and she can too.→ āϏ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋāϟāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏ⧇āĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

12. Fronting / Emphasis (āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϤ⧇ āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž)

Example: Suddenly, the lights went out.→ āĻšāĻ āĻžā§Ž āφāϞ⧋ āύāĻŋāϭ⧇ āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤

13. Apposition Structure (Noun explanation)

Example: Mr. Rahman, a teacher, is here.→ āĻŽāĻŋ. āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ, āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ•, āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āφāϛ⧇āύāĨ¤

14. Absolute Construction (āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ modify)

Example: The weather being cold, we stayed inside. → āφāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϘāϰ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤

â™Ļī¸â™Ļī¸Linking & Cohesion Tools (āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ“ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž)

1. Coordinating Conjunction: and, but, or

Example: He tried hard, but he failed.→ āϏ⧇ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤

2.Subordinating Conjunction: because, although, if

Example :Although he was tired, he continued working.→ āϏ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϚāĻžāϞāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

3. Conjunctive Adverbs: however, therefore

Example: He failed; therefore, he tried again.→ āϏ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞ; āϤāĻžāχ āϏ⧇ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰāϞāĨ¤

â™Ļī¸â™Ļī¸â™Ļī¸Adverbial Order (MPFTR/O)
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ adverb-āĻāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ
✔ Manner (āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇)
✔ Place (āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ)
✔ Frequency (āĻ•āϤāĻŦāĻžāϰ)
✔ Time (āĻ•āĻ–āύ)
✔ Occasion (āϕ⧋āύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāϤ⧇)
✔ Reason (āϕ⧇āύ)

Example: She worked carefully in the office every day yesterday during the meeting to meet the deadline. → āϏ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§ŸāϏ⧀āĻŽāĻž āĻĒā§‚āϰāϪ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ—āϤāĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻŽāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻ‚ āϚāϞāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻ…āĻĢāĻŋāϏ⧇ āϏāϤāĻ°ā§āĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

â™Ļī¸â™Ļī¸Punctuation Structures (āϝāϤāĻŋāϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ)

🔹Comma (,)
👉 extra information / pause

Example: She finished the work, feeling tired.→ āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇, āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

🔹Semicolon (;)
👉 āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻŋ independent clause āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇

Example: He was tired; he continued working. → āϏ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ; āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϚāĻžāϞāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

🔹Colon (:)
👉 explanation / list

Example: He has one goal: success.→ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āφāϛ⧇: āϏāĻĢāϞāϤāĻžāĨ¤

🔹Dash (—)
👉 strong emphasis / sudden idea

Example: He tried his best—he still failed.→ āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻšā§āϚ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›ā§‡â€”āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤








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📘 English Freehand Writing
✍ Post – 41







📘 English Freehand Writing-āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ Phrase āĻāϰ āϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻž:

â™Ļī¸Phrase āϕ⧀?

👉 Phrase āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ group, āϝāĻž āĻāĻ•āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ complete sentence (āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ) āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϤ⧇ āĻŽā§‚āϞ verb (finite verb) āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Phrase = āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϗ⧁āĻšā§āĻ›, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āύ⧟

Example:
👉 in the room → āϘāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ⧇
👉 very intelligent student → āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ
👉 to learn English → āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ

â™Ļī¸Phrase-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ (Key Features):
✔ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ finite verb āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āύāĻž
✔ sentence āύāĻž, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ meaning āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇
✔ sentence-āĻāϰ part āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇
✔ noun / verb / adjective / adverb-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ function āĻ•āϰ⧇

1. Noun Phrase: āϝ⧇ phrase āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ noun āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰāĨ¤

Function: Subject / object / complement / object of preposition / appositive / adjective complement

Example: The intelligent student solved the problem.→ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāϞāĨ¤

2. Verb Phrase→ main verb + auxiliary

Function: action complete āĻ•āϰ⧇

Example: She has been working hard.→ āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āφāϏāϛ⧇āĨ¤

3. Adjective Phrase: āϝ⧇ phrase āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ Adjective āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ function āĻ•āϰ⧇ → noun modify āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

Function: noun modify āĻ•āϰ⧇

Example: The man full of confidence succeeded.→āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ⧇ āĻ­āϰāĻž āϞ⧋āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻĢāϞ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤

4. Adverbial Phrase: āϝ⧇ phrase āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āĻ°â†’ verb / sentence modify āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

Function: manner / place / time / reason

Example: He spoke with confidence.→ āϏ⧇ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāϞāĨ¤

5. Prepositional Phrase: preposition + object

Function: place / time / manner

Example: She is in the room.→ āϏ⧇ āϘāϰ⧇ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤

6. Participle Phrase→ V-ing / V3

Function: adjective / adverb āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇

Example: Working hard, she achieved success.→ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϏ⧇ āϏāĻĢāϞ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤

7. Infinitive Phrase→ to + verb

Function: purpose / noun / adjective / adverb

Example: He came to learn English.→ āϏ⧇ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāϏ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

8. Gerund Phrase→ verb-ing (noun āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇)

Function: subject / object

Example: Reading books improves knowledge.→ āĻŦāχ āĻĒ⧜āĻž āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

9. Appositive Phrase→ noun explain āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

Function: noun-āĻāϰ identity āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ

Example: Mr. Rahman, a teacher, is here.→ āĻŽāĻŋ. āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ, āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ•, āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āφāϛ⧇āύāĨ¤

10. Absolute Phrase→ whole sentence modify āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

Function: background condition / situation

Example: The weather being cold, we stayed inside.→ āφāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϘāϰ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤

â™Ļī¸Phrase-āĻāϰ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ (How phrases are formed?)

1. Clause āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ Reduction (āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ)

👉 full clause → phrase

Example: Because he worked hard → Working hard

2. Verb-based Formation:
read → reading → gerund / participle

3. Preposition-based Formation: in / on / at → prepositional phrase

4. Infinitive Formation: to + verb → purpose structure

5. Noun Expansion: noun + modifier → noun phrase

â™Ļī¸āĻāχ phrases āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϕ⧇ modify āĻ•āϰ⧇? (Function):

🔹Noun Phrase → āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ subject/object āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

The intelligent student → subject

🔹Verb Phrase → action
has been working → verb

🔹Adjective Phrase → noun modify
full of confidence → man

🔹Adverbial Phrase → verb / sentence modify
with confidence → spoke

🔹Prepositional Phrase → noun/verb modify
in the room → place

🔹 Participle Phrase → noun / whole clause modify
Working hard → she

🔹Infinitive Phrase → verb/adjective modify
to learn English → purpose

🔹Gerund Phrase → noun function
Reading books → subject

🔹Appositive Phrase → noun explain
a teacher → Mr. Rahman

🔹Absolute Phrase → whole sentence modify
The weather being cold → situation

â™Ļī¸āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻŦ⧇āύ āϕ⧋āύ phrase āĻ•āĻžāϕ⧇ modify āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇? (Easy Technique)

STEP–1: Question Technique
👉 āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ:
✔ āϕ⧇? (who?)
✔ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇? (how?)
✔ āϕ⧇āύ? (why?)
✔ āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ? (where?)

STEP–2: Verb Identification
👉 main verb āϖ⧁āρāĻœā§‡ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ

STEP–3: Target Word Check
👉 phrase āϕ⧋āύ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ?

STEP–4: Reduction Test
👉 phrase āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧇ meaning āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋ āύāĻž

â™Ļī¸Function āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ Shortcut āωāĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ:

✔ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ noun explain āĻ•āϰ⧇ →adjective/appositive phrase

✔ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ verb explain āĻ•āϰ⧇ → adverbial phrase

✔ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ noun āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇ → noun/gerund phrase

✔ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ whole sentence affect āĻ•āϰ⧇ → absolute phrase








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📘 English Freehand Writing
✍ Post – 40







📘 Conjunctive Adverbs āϕ⧀?

👉 Conjunctive adverbs āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻŽāύ adverb āϝāĻž ➤

✔ āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻŋ independent clause (āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ) connect āĻ•āϰ⧇
✔ āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ logical relation (āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ, āĻĢāϞ, contrast āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ) āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: Linking word + Adverbial meaning

Example:
He was tired; however, he continued working.→ āϏ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ; āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“ āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϚāĻžāϞāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤
👉 “however” → āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻŋ clause āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ + contrast āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇

â™Ļī¸Common Conjunctive Adverbs:

📍Addition (āϝ⧋āĻ—):
also→ āĻāĻ›āĻžā§œāĻžāĻ“
furthermore→ āφāϰāĻ“
moreover→ āϤāĻĻ⧁āĻĒāϰāĻŋ
besides→ āĻāĻ›āĻžā§œāĻžāĻ“ / āωāĻĒāϰāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁

📍Contrast (āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤ):
however→ āϤāĻŦ⧇ / āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁
nevertheless→ āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“
nonetheless→ āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“
on the other hand→ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇

📍Result (āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ):
therefore→ āϤāĻžāχ
thus→ āĻ…āϤāĻāĻŦ
consequently→ āĻĢāϞāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰ⧂āĻĒ
as a result→ āĻĢāϞ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇

📍Time (āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ):
then→ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ
meanwhile→ āĻāĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇
afterward(s)→ āĻĒāϰ⧇
subsequently→ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀āϤ⧇

📍Example / Explanation:
for example→ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰ⧂āĻĒ
for instance→ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇
in other words→ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāϞāϞ⧇

📍Condition (āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ):
otherwise→ āύāχāϞ⧇

â™Ļī¸Conjunctive Adverbs-āĻāϰ Function (āĻ•āĻžāϜ):
✔ āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻŋ independent clause āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡â†’ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇
✔ Logical relation āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡â†’āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ, āĻĢāϞ, contrast
✔ Writing cohesive āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡â†’ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ“ smooth āĻ•āϰ⧇
✔ Academic writing-āĻ flow āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇

â™Ļī¸āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāϏ⧇? (Position Rules)

1. Clause-āĻāϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϤ⧇ (Most common)

Structure: Clause 1 ; conjunctive adverb , Clause 2

Example: He was tired; however, he continued working.→ āϏ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ; āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϚāĻžāϞāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤

2. Clause-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ (subject-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇)

Example: He was tired; he, however, continued working.→ āϏ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ; āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϚāĻžāϞāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤

3. Clause-āĻāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ (less common)

Example: He was tired; he continued working, however.→ āϏ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ; āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϚāĻžāϞāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤

â™Ļī¸Punctuation Rule:
👉 Conjunctive adverb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻ˛ā§‡â€”
✔ semicolon ( ; ) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ
✔ comma ( , ) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ

Wrong: He was tired, however he continued working.

Correct: He was tired; however, he continued working.








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📘 English Freehand Writing
✍ Post – 39







📘 Essential vs Non-essential Adjective / Relative Clause

â™Ļī¸Adjective / Relative Clause āϕ⧀?

👉 Relative clause āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻŽāύ clause āϝāĻž noun āĻŦāĻž pronoun-āϕ⧇ modify (āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž/āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚ⧟ āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ)

👉 āĻāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁/āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšā§Ÿ:

Relative pronoun: who, whom, which, that, whose, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚
Relative Adverb: When, where, when āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĨ¤

Example: The student who studies regularly achieves success.→ āϝ⧇ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻĒā§œā§‡, āϏ⧇ āϏāĻĢāϞ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
👉 “who studies regularly” → noun “student”-āϕ⧇ modify āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇

â™Ļī¸Essential Relative Clause (Restrictive Clause): Essential clause āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻŽāύ clause—āϝāĻž āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ meaning āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž unclear āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

Key Rule:
✔ comma ( , ) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻž
✔ noun identify āĻ•āϰ⧇ (which one?)

Example–1
The boy who is playing in the field is my brother.→ āϝ⧇ āϛ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāϠ⧇ āϖ⧇āϞāϛ⧇, āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻžāχāĨ¤
👉 āϕ⧋āύ boy? → identify āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇

Example–2
The book that I bought yesterday is interesting.→ āϝ⧇ āĻŦāχāϟāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ—āϤāĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻ•āĻŋāύ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ, āϤāĻž āφāĻ•āĻ°ā§āώāĻŖā§€ā§ŸāĨ¤

â™ĻRelative Clause (Non-restrictive Clause):

👉 Non-essential clause āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻŽāύ clause—āϝāĻž āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ extra information āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤

Key Rule:
✔ comma āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ
✔ noun already clear

Example–1
My father, who is a doctor, lives in Dhaka.→ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž, āϝāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻĄāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāĻžāϰ, āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āύāĨ¤
👉 “who is a doctor” → extra info

Example–2
Dhaka, which is the capital of Bangladesh, is a busy city.→ āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻž, āϝāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϜāϧāĻžāύ⧀, āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻļāĻšāϰāĨ¤

â™Ļī¸āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ? (Formation)

Step–1: Noun identify āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ
The man is my teacher.

Step–2: Clause āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ
He is standing near the gate

Step–3: Relative pronoun āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ

The man who is standing near the gate is my teacher.

â™Ļī¸āĻ•āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ? (Relative Pronouns)

📍For Person: who, whom, whose

📍For Things: which, that

📍For Place / Time / Reason: where, when, why

â™Ļī¸āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāϏ⧇? (Position)
👉 āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ noun-āĻāϰ āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻŦāϏ⧇

Example: The girl who is singing is my sister
👉 “girl”-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ clause

â™Ļī¸Essential vs Non-essential (Difference)

📍Essential (No comma): The students who study regularly succeed.→ (āϏāĻŦ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āύāĻž, āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ)

📍Non-essential (Comma): The students, who study regularly, succeed.→ (āϏāĻŦ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāχ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻĒā§œā§‡)
👉 meaning completely change

â™Ļī¸Important Rules (āϖ⧁āĻŦ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ):
✔ Essential clause → comma āύ⧇āχ
✔ Non-essential clause → comma āφāϛ⧇
✔ “that” → āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ essential clause-āĻ
❌ non-essential-āĻ “that” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻž

Wrong: My father, that is a doctor, lives here.

Correct: My father, who is a doctor, lives here.








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📘 English Freehand Writing
✍ Post – 36







📘 English Freehand Writing — Parallelism & Tense Sequence

🔷 PART–1: Parallelism (āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰāĻžāϞ āĻ—āĻ āύ)

â™Ļī¸Parallelism āϕ⧀?

👉 Parallelism āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡â€”āĻāĻ•āχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ grammatical structure (form) āĻāĻ•āχ pattern-āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇: List / comparison / pair → āĻāĻ•āχ form āĻŦāϜāĻžā§Ÿ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž

â™Ļī¸āϕ⧇āύ Parallelism āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ?
✔ Sentence clear āĻšā§Ÿâ†’ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ
✔ Balanced structure āĻšā§Ÿâ†’ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšā§Ÿ
✔ Writing professional āĻšā§Ÿâ†’ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĢ⧇āĻļāύāĻžāϞ āĻšā§Ÿ
✔ IELTS / Academic writing-āĻ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ

â™Ļī¸Parallelism-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ (Core Rule)

👉 Same form = same structure

Rule–1: Verb form parallel āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇

Wrong: She likes reading, to write, and speaks English.

Correct: She likes reading, writing, and speaking English.→ āϏ⧇ āĻĒ⧜āĻž, āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰ⧇

Rule–2: Infinitive parallel āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇

Wrong: He wants to learn English, improving skills, and to get a job.

Correct: He wants to learn English, to improve his skills, and to get a job.

Rule–3: Correlative conjunction (bothâ€Ļand / not onlyâ€Ļbut also)

Wrong: She is not only intelligent but also works hard.

Correct: She is not only intelligent but also hardworking.

Rule–4: Comparison structure (than / as)

Wrong: He is more intelligent than his brother is hardworking.

Correct: He is more intelligent than his brother.

Rule–5: List / Series structure

Wrong: The course includes reading, writing, and how to speak.

Correct: The course includes reading, writing, and speaking.

🔷 PART–2: Sequence of Tense (Tense Sequence Rule)

â™Ļī¸Sequence of Tense āϕ⧀?

👉 Sequence of tense āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡â€”Main clause (independent clause)-āĻāϰ tense āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ dependent clause-āĻāϰ tense āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ

â™Ļī¸Core Rule:

👉 Past main clause → dependent clause āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ past tense āĻšāĻŦ⧇

Rule–1: Past → Past (Basic Rule)

Example: He said that he was tired.→ āϏ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

Rule–2: Universal truth → present tense āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇
👉 āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻšāϞ⧇ tense change āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻž

Example: He said that the sun rises in the east.→ āϏ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇ āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āωāĻĻ⧟ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Rule–3: Present main clause → any tense possible

Example: He says that he is tired.→ āϏ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āϝ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĨ¤

He says that he was tired.→ āϏ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āϝ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

Rule–4: Future idea (would / could / might)

Example: He said that he would come.→ āϏ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇ āϏ⧇ āφāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Rule–5: If / Conditional clause
👉 Conditional-āĻ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž rule

Example: If he studies, he will pass.→ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏ⧇ āĻĒā§œā§‡, āϏ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

If he studied, he would pass.→ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏ⧇ āĻĒ⧜āϤ, āϏ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰāϤāĨ¤

Advanced Tips (Very Important):
👉 āϏāĻŦ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ tense change āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāϤāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āύ⧟
✔ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ meaning present āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇
✔ āĻŦāĻž fact āĻāĻ–āύāĻ“ true āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇








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