26/07/2025
Class -10 Unit-6 Lesson -4(A)
India is our closest neighbour. It is the largest among South Asian Countries. In fact, India is the seventh largest country in the world with an area of 32,87,590 square kilometers. India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the South, the Arabian Sea on the West and the Bay of Bengal on the East. It is bordered by Pakistan to the West; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the North; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the East. India is the world's second most populous country after China. Its population is around 1.5 billion. New Delhi is the capital of India and about 13 million people live in the city.
India is a land of ancient civilization. The social, economic, and cultural diversity of this vast country is the result of invasions by different races in the process of history. Indian history begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization and the coming of the A***ns. During this period, A***n culture flourished in this part of the world. The fifth century saw the unification of India under Ashoka, and it is in his time that Buddhism spread in many parts of Asia. In the eighth century, Islam came to India for the first time and by the eleventh century it had firmly established itself. In 1206, Qutbuddin Aybeck founded the Delhi Sultanate. This was finally succeeded by the Mughal Empire in 1526, under which India once again achieved a large measure of political unity.
āĻĒā§āϰ⧠Passage-āĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ (phrase-by-phrase) āĻā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāϏāĻšđ
đŠ 1st Paragraph:
India is our closest neighbour.
â India = āĻāĻžāϰāϤ
â is = āĻšāĻā§āĻā§
â our = āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ
â closest = āϏāĻŦāĻā§ā§ā§ āύāĻŋāĻāĻāĻŦāϰā§āϤā§
â neighbour = āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§
â āĻāĻžāϰāϤ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻā§ā§ā§ āύāĻŋāĻāĻāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§āĨ¤
It is the largest among South Asian Countries.
â It = āĻāĻāĻŋ
â is the largest = āϏāĻŦāĻā§ā§ā§ āĻŦā§
â among = āĻŽāϧā§āϝā§
â South Asian Countries = āĻĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻŖ āĻāĻļāĻŋā§āĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āĻļāϏāĻŽā§āĻš
â āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻŖ āĻāĻļāĻŋā§āĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āĻļāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āϏāĻŦāĻā§ā§ā§ āĻŦā§āĨ¤
In fact, India is the seventh largest country in the world with an area of 32,87,590 square kilometers.
â In fact = āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻĒāĻā§āώā§
â seventh largest = āϏāĻĒā§āϤāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻšāϤā§āϤāĻŽ
â in the world = āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§
â with an area of = āϝāĻžāϰ āĻā§āϤāύ
â 32,87,590 square kilometers = ā§Šā§¨,ā§Žā§,ā§Ģ⧝ā§Ļ āĻŦāϰā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāϞā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ
â āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻĒāĻā§āώā§, āĻāĻžāϰāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§āϰ āϏāĻĒā§āϤāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻšāϤā§āϤāĻŽ āĻĻā§āĻļ, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻā§āϤāύ ā§Šā§¨,ā§Žā§,ā§Ģ⧝ā§Ļ āĻŦāϰā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāϞā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰāĨ¤
India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the South, the Arabian Sea on the West and the Bay of Bengal on the East.
â bounded by = āϏā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ
â Indian Ocean = āĻāĻžāϰāϤ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāϏāĻžāĻāϰ
â on the South = āĻĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻŖā§
â Arabian Sea = āĻāϰāĻŦ āϏāĻžāĻāϰ
â on the West = āĻĒāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻŽā§
â Bay of Bengal = āĻŦāĻā§āĻā§āĻĒāϏāĻžāĻāϰ
â on the East = āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦā§
â āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āĻĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻŖā§ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāϏāĻžāĻāϰ, āĻĒāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻŽā§ āĻāϰāĻŦ āϏāĻžāĻāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻā§āĻā§āĻĒāϏāĻžāĻāϰ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĨ¤
It is bordered by Pakistan to the West; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the North; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the East.
â bordered by = āϏā§āĻŽāĻžāύā§āϤāĻŦāϰā§āϤā§
â Pakistan to the West = āĻĒāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻŽā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻŋāϏā§āϤāĻžāύ
â China, Nepal, Bhutan to the North = āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ⧠āĻā§āύ, āύā§āĻĒāĻžāϞ āĻ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ
â Bangladesh and Myanmar to the East = āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžāĻĻā§āĻļ āĻ āĻŽāĻŋā§āĻžāύāĻŽāĻžāϰ
â āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻŽā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻŋāϏā§āϤāĻžāύ, āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ⧠āĻā§āύ, āύā§āĻĒāĻžāϞ āĻ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžāĻĻā§āĻļ āĻ āĻŽāĻŋā§āĻžāύāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϰā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
India is the worldâs second most populous country after China.
â second most populous = āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ āĻāύāĻŦāĻšā§āϞ
â after China = āĻā§āύā§āϰ āĻĒāϰā§
â āĻāĻžāϰāϤ āĻā§āύā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ āĻāύāĻŦāĻšā§āϞ āĻĻā§āĻļāĨ¤
Its population is around 1.5 billion.
â population = āĻāύāϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻž
â around = āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§
â 1.5 billion = ā§§ā§Ģā§Ļ āĻā§āĻāĻŋ
â āĻāϰ āĻāύāϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§ ā§§ā§Ģā§Ļ āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĨ¤
New Delhi is the capital of India and about 13 million people live in the city.
â New Delhi = āύāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϞā§āϞāĻŋ
â capital = āϰāĻžāĻāϧāĻžāύā§
â about 13 million = āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ ā§§ āĻā§āĻāĻŋ ā§Šā§Ļ āϞāĻā§āώ
â live in the city = āĻļāĻšāϰ⧠āĻŦāϏāĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻāϰā§
â āύāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϞā§āϞāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āϰāĻžāĻāϧāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ ā§§ āĻā§āĻāĻŋ ā§Šā§Ļ āϞāĻā§āώ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώ āĻŦāϏāĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
đŠ 2nd Paragraph:
India is a land of ancient civilization.
â land = āĻĻā§āĻļ
â ancient civilization = āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āύ āϏāĻā§āϝāϤāĻž
â āĻāĻžāϰāϤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āύ āϏāĻā§āϝāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āĻļāĨ¤
The social, economic, and cultural diversity of this vast country is the result of invasions by different races in the process of history.
â social, economic, and cultural diversity = āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ, āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰā§āϝ
â vast country = āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āĻĻā§āĻļ
â result of invasions = āĻāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖā§āϰ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ
â by different races = āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻāĻžāϤāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž
â process of history = āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏā§āϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžā§
â āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ, āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰā§āϝ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻāĻžāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻāĻŽāύā§āϰ āĻĢāϞāĨ¤
Indian history begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization and the coming of the A***ns.
â history begins = āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšā§
â birth of = āĻāύā§āĻŽ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§
â Indus Valley Civilization = āϏāĻŋāύā§āϧ⧠āϏāĻā§āϝāϤāĻž
â coming of the A***ns = āĻāϰā§āϝāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻŽāύ
â āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšā§ āϏāĻŋāύā§āϧ⧠āϏāĻā§āϝāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāϰā§āϝāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻŽāύā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§āĨ¤
During this period, A***n culture flourished in this part of the world.
â During this period = āĻāĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧā§
â A***n culture = āĻāϰā§āϝ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ
â flourished = āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§
â in this part of the world = āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§āϰ āĻ
āĻāĻļā§
â āĻāĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāϰā§āϝ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻ
āĻā§āĻāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
The fifth century saw the unification of India under Ashoka,
â fifth century = āĻĒāĻā§āĻāĻŽ āĻļāϤāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§
â saw = āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āϝāĻā§āώ āĻāϰā§
â unification = āĻāĻā§āĻāϰāĻŖ
â under Ashoka = āĻ
āĻļā§āĻā§āϰ āύā§āϤā§āϤā§āĻŦā§
â āĻĒāĻā§āĻāĻŽ āĻļāϤāĻā§ āĻ
āĻļā§āĻā§āϰ āĻ
āϧā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āĻāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤
and it is in his time that Buddhism spread in many parts of Asia.
â his time = āϤāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻžāĻŽāϞā§
â Buddhism spread = āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧ āϧāϰā§āĻŽ āĻā§āĻŋā§ā§ āĻĒā§ā§
â many parts of Asia = āĻāĻļāĻŋā§āĻžāϰ āĻ
āύā§āĻ āĻ
āĻā§āĻāϞā§
â āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻžāĻŽāϞ⧠āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧ āϧāϰā§āĻŽ āĻāĻļāĻŋā§āĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻšā§ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧠āĻā§āĻŋā§ā§ āĻĒā§ā§āĨ¤
In the eighth century, Islam came to India for the first time
â eighth century = āĻ
āώā§āĻāĻŽ āĻļāϤāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§
â Islam came = āĻāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽ āĻāϏā§
â for the first time = āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻŽāϤā§
â āĻ
āώā§āĻāĻŽ āĻļāϤāĻā§ āĻāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ⧠āĻāϏā§āĨ¤
and by the eleventh century it had firmly established itself.
â eleventh century = āĻāĻāĻžāĻĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāĻ
â firmly established = āϏā§āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšā§
â āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻžāĻĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāĻā§ āĻāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽ āϏā§āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
In 1206, Qutubuddin Aybeck founded the Delhi Sultanate.
â In 1206 = ⧧⧍ā§Ļā§Ŧ āϏāĻžāϞā§
â Qutubuddin Aybeck = āĻā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻāĻĻā§āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻāĻāĻŦā§āĻ
â founded = āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻž āĻāϰā§āύ
â Delhi Sultanate = āĻĻāĻŋāϞā§āϞāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϞāϤāĻžāύāĻžāϤ
â ⧧⧍ā§Ļā§Ŧ āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āĻā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻāĻĻā§āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻāĻāĻŦā§āĻ āĻĻāĻŋāϞā§āϞāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϞāϤāĻžāύāĻžāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻž āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤
This was finally succeeded by the Mughal Empire in 1526,
â finally succeeded by = āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤā§āϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§
â Mughal Empire = āĻŽā§āĻāϞ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝ
â in 1526 = ā§§ā§Ģ⧍ā§Ŧ āϏāĻžāϞā§
â āĻĒāϰ⧠⧧ā§Ģ⧍ā§Ŧ āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻāϞ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
under which India once again achieved a large measure of political unity.
â under which = āϝāĻžāϰ āĻ
āϧā§āύā§
â once again = āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ
â achieved = āĻ
āϰā§āĻāύ āĻāϰā§
â a large measure = āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ
â political unity = āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§āϝ
â āϝāĻžāϰ āĻ
āϧā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāϰāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§āϝ āĻ
āϰā§āĻāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤