Monir’s lens blog literature

কেন আমরা নিজেদের সীমাবদ্ধ রাখব?

"আমরা প্রায়ই নিজেদের একটা গণ্ডির মধ্যে আটকে রাখি, সেই গণ্ডির বাইরে বের হতে ভয় পাই। কিন্তু জীবন তো একটাই! কেন আমরা নিজেদের সীমাবদ্ধ রাখব?
নিজেকে নতুন করে আবিষ্কার করুন। নতুন কিছু শিখুন, নতুন জায়গায় ঘুরতে যান, নতুন মানুষের সাথে মিশুন। নিজের ভয়গুলোকে জয় করুন, নিজের স্বপ্নগুলোকে তাড়া করুন।
মনে রাখবেন, জীবনটা একটা ক্যানভাসের মতো। আপনিই সেই ক্যানভাসের শিল্পী। নিজের ইচ্ছেমতো রঙ দিয়ে জীবনটাকে রাঙিয়ে তুলুন।
আজই শুরু করুন নিজেকে নতুন করে আবিষ্কারের যাত্রা। দেখবেন, জীবনটা কত সুন্দর!"
#নিজেকে_আবিষ্কার_করুন
#জীবন
#অনুপ্রেরণা
#স্বপ্ন

আপনি নিজেকে নতুন করে আবিষ্কারের জন্য কী করতে চান?

মনে রাখার নিঞ্জা টেকনিক!
আবারও ৬৮ বছর পর কি হতে পারে চিন্তার বিষয়!!

The Modern English Period (1901-1939).

The Modern period in the English literature begins with the 20th century and remain till 1965.
The period saw an abrupt break away from the old ways of interacting with the world.
The blow of the modern age were the World War 1 and 2.
These wars began in the year 1914 and last till 1919 and 1939 to 1945 respectively.
Aftermath of the world wars was traumatic for everyone. The horror of the world war 1 was evident on the face of every citizen.
Feeling of uncertainty was spread and no one knew where the world was heading into.

This period saw the wide expansion of capitalism, colonialism, democracy, and science-based rationalism.
The Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation, the American and French Revolutions,
and World War I were all significant events that took place during the time.

The imaginative writing, verses, structure of the verses of Victorian period became obsolete.
Writers work started losing the magic they used to have in previous age.
Victorian writers were becoming rancid and their works were failing to evoke the spirit of the readers.
Art has to be renewed in order to revitalize the readers.
But victorian art works were lacking the surprising elements and freshness in the content.

The foundation of modernism lies in the theory of psycho-analysis and irrational philosophy.
One of the main characteristics of modern period is “the dehumanization of art”.
Some other crucial themes of modernism involves alienated, ill and distorted relation between man and man,
man and his own self, man and society and most importantly between man and nature.

The Modern Age is a period in human history which spans from the 20th century beginning with the period after the end of First World War
and ending with the advent of the Digital revolution.
This period saw the improvement of contemporary weapons and technologies in the middle of the instability and ravages of the Second World War,

Finally, and most significantly, the atomic bomb- nuclear weaponry- was first developed and used during this period, ushering in the Cold War.

Victorian literature refers to English literature during the reign of Queen Victoria (1832–1901).
The 19th century is considered by some to be the Golden Age of English Literature, especially for British novels.
It was in the Victorian era that the novel became the leading literary genre in English.
Queen Victoria (1832-1901) was the first English monarch to see her name given to the period of her reign whilst still living (1).
The Victorian Age was characterised by rapid change and developments in nearly every sphere-from advances in medical,
scientific and technological knowledge to changes in population growth and location.
The 19th century was one of rapid development and change, far swifter than in previous centuries.
During this period England changed from a rural, agricultural country to an urban, industrialised one.
This involved massive dislocation and radically altered the nature of society.
It took many years for both government and people to adjust to the new conditions.

Strictly speaking, the Victorian era began in 1832 and ended with Queen Victoria's death in 1901,
but the period can be stretched to include the years both before and after these dates,
roughly from the Napoleonic Wars until the outbreak of World War I in 1914.
Over time,
this rapid transformation deeply affected the country's mood: an age that began with a confidence and optimism
leading to economic boom and prosperity eventually gave way to uncertainty and doubt regarding Britain's place in the world.
Today we associate the nineteenth century with the Protestant work ethic, family values, religious observation and institutional faith.

Whilst this brief overview can only partially summarise some characteristics of the nineteenth century,
it does illustrate that society was disparate and that no one feature can serve to give a definitive view of what it meant to be "Victorian".
Rather, it is better perhaps to consider the multifarious and diverse research that has evolved in recent years and make up your own mind.
This History in Focus may serve to begin that process.

The Romantic Period (1798-1832).

The Romantic Period began roughly around 1798 and lasted until 1832.

The political and economic atmosphere at the time heavily influenced this period, with many writers finding inspiration from the French Revolution. There was a lot of social change during this period.The Romantic Period (1798-1832) is called the Revival of Romanticism.The main features of romanticism are-----high imagination, love of nature, spontaneity, interest in the remote, simplicity in expression, revolutionary zeal and supernaturalism. Because the romantic ideals of the Elizabethan period revive during these years. Lyrical Ballads published in 1798 brings about a great change in literature.

The change is obvious both in subject and style. Romanticism gives them extra-ordinary beauty. On the other hand, Coleridge deals with the supernatural and makes it seem real. In other words, he has to make the supernatural natural. But Wordsworth tries to make the natural supernatural. Lyrical Ballads contains some of his finest poems such as " We are Seven" and "Lines Composed a few Miles above Tintern Abbey". " The Rime of the Ancient Mariner", masterpiece of S. T. Coleridge, is also included in the first volume published in 1798.

In the second edition of the volume in 1800, Wordsworth includes "Lucy" poems and "Michael". The third edition of the volume is published in 1802.

" Preface to the Lyrical Ballads " is one of the most important poetical documents. It is regarded as the manifesto of the Romantic Movement. It states that the situations of poetry should be taken from common life. It also says that they should be related in language really used by men. According to Wordsworth, all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.

Romantic Movement is a movement in art and literature in the 18th and 19th centuries in revolt against the neo-classicism of the previous centuries. It is executed by the different poets the age. They are attributed as romantic for certain special qualities in their poetry. They are led by William Wordsworth and S. T. Coleridge. The romantic poets hold a doctrine which is called Romanticism. This literary doctrine had its origin in the Elizabethan Age.

However, it revives with full force towards the end of the 19th century during the time of Wordsworth and Coleridge. As the Elizabethan Age is regarded as the original Romantic period, the time span from (1798-1832) is regarded as the Revival of Romanticism.

The Neoclassical Period(1660-1785).

Neoclassicism is a revival of the classical past. It developed in Europe in the 18th century when artists began to imitate Greek and Roman antiquity and painters of the Renaissance as a reaction to the excessive style of Baroque and Rococo.

The Neoclassicism Period summary:
Classicism and Neoclassicism, Art-historical tradition or aesthetic attitudes based on the art of ancient Greece and Rome. “Classicism” refers to the art produced in antiquity or to later art inspired by that of antiquity; “Neoclassicism” refers to art inspired by that of antiquity and thus is contained within the broader meaning of “Classicism.” Classicism is traditionally characterized by harmony, clarity, restraint, universality, and idealism. In the visual arts, Classicism has generally denoted a preference for line over colour, straight lines over curves, and the general over the particular.

The Italian Renaissance was the first period of thorough Classicism after antiquity. Neoclassicism became the dominant aesthetic movement in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, as practiced by Antonio Canova and Jacques-Louis David. It bred a reaction in favour of subjective feeling, longing for the sublime, and a taste for the bizarre that came to be termed Romanticism. Recurring alternations between Classical and non-Classical ideals have often characterized Western aesthetics. See also Classical architecture.

"The Renaissance Period "(1500-1660).

The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages. Generally described as taking place from the 14th century to the 17th century, the Renaissance promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature and art.The term "Renaissance" comes from the Renaissance. Several Italian intellectuals of the late fourteenth and the early fifteenth centuries used the term rinascità ('rebirth or renaissance') to describe their own age as one in which learning, literature, and the arts were reborn after a long, dark Middle Ages. They saw the ancient world of Rome and Greece, whose literature, learning, and politics they admired, as an age of high achievement. But in their view, hundreds of years of cultural darkness followed because much of the learning and literature of the ancient world had been lost. Indeed, Italian humanists invented the concept of the "Middle Ages" to describe the years between about 400 and 1400. Scholastic philosophy, which the Italian humanists rejected, and a different style of Latin writing, which the humanists viewed as uncouth and barbarous, prevailed in the Middle Ages. But Italian humanists believed that a new age was dawning. In the view of the humanists, the painter Giotto (d. 1337) and the vernacular writer and early humanist Francesco Petrarch (1304–1374) led the rebirth or Renaissance. Most Italian intellectuals from the mid-fifteenth century on held these views.Most strongly associated with the Italian city of Florence specifically, the Renaissance describes the period of time between the 14th and 17th centuries. Thought of as the bridge that connected the Middle Ages with Modern history, the Renaissance initially began as a cultural movement during the Late Medieval period in Italy. However, it quickly dispersed all over Europe. Due to this, most other European countries experienced their own version of the Renaissance in terms of their styles and ideas.

The History of Middle English Period(1066-1500).

The history of Middle English is often divided into three periods:
(1) Early Middle English, from about 1100 to about 1250, during which . the Old English system of writing was still in use;
(2) the Central Middle English period from about 1250 to about 1400, which was marked by the gradual formation of literary dialects,
the use of an orthography greatly influenced by the Anglo-Norman writing system, the loss of pronunciation of final unaccented -e,
and the borrowing of large numbers of Anglo-Norman
words; the period was especially marked by the rise of the London dialect, in the hands of such writers as John Gower and Geoffrey Chaucer;and
(3) Late Middle English, from about 1400 to about 1500, which was marked by the spread of the London literary dialect and the gradual cleavage between the Scottish dialect
and the other northern dialectsDuring this period the basic lines of inflection as they appear in Modern English were first established.
Among the chief characteristic differences between Old and Middle English were the substitution of natural gender in Middle English for grammatical gender
and the loss of the old system of declensions in the noun and adjective and, largely, in the pronoun.
The dialects of Middle English are usually divided into three large groups: (1) Southern (subdivided into Southeastern, or Kentish,
and Southwestern), chiefly in the counties south of the River Thames;
(2) Midland (corresponding roughly to the Mercian dialect area of Old English times) in the area from
the Thames to southern South Yorkshire and northern Lancashire; and (3) Northern, in the Scottish Lowlands,
Northumberland, Cumbria, Durham, northern Lancashire, and most of Yorkshire.

History of English Literature.

English literature refers to all written work created in the English language. Life is reflected through literature. It is a reflection of the society in which it is produced. The word literature is derived from the Latin word ‘litaritura,’ which means “letter-organized writing.” Language, origin, historical time, genre, and topic matter are all used to categorise literature. So, in the history of English literature there were different phases of progress. Each of those phases,known as Age or Period, has been given a particular name, sometimes after the name of the King Or Queen, Sometimes after the name of a great writter, and sometimes according to the spirit of the time. Everything else written in English outside of the British Isles is classified as American literature, Canadian literature and so on. The earliest form of English is Anglo-Saxon, sometimes known as old English. From 600 A.D. to 1100 A.D., Old English was thought to have been spoken. Beowulf is the first English epic, it's around 3183 line and its author is unknown. Despite the fact that the poetry is of little interest to modern readers, it is a significant piece of poetry from the Old English period. Because it paints a fascinating picture of life and practice at the time.

When we look at the history of English literature, we can see that it is divided into eight (8) major periods and a variety of ages.

1. The Anglo-Saxon or Old English Period (450–1066)

2. Middle English period (1066–1500)
i) The Anglo-Norman Period(1066-1340)
ii) The Age of Chaucer (1340-1400)

3. The Renaissance Period (1500–1660)
i)Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)
ii) Jacobean Age (1603-1625)
iii) Caroline Age (1625-1649)
iv) Commonwealth Period (1649-1660)

4.The Neoclassical Period (1660–1798)
i) The Restoration Period (1660-1700)
ii) The Augustan Age or The Age of Pope (1700-1745)
iii) The Age of Sensibility or The Age of Johnson (1745-1785)

5. The Romantic Period (1798–1832)

6. The Victorian Period (1832--1901)
i) The Pre-Raphaelites (1848-1860)
ii) Aestheticism and Decadence (1880-1901)

7. The Modern Period (1901-1939)
i) The Edwardian Period (1901-1910)
ii) The Georgian Period (1910-1936)

8. The Post-Modern Period (1939_ Today)..