Sher-E-Bangla Medical College, Barishal

শের-ই-বাংলা মেডিকেল কলেজ নামের এই পেইজটি অনেকদিন ধরেই ইনেক্টিভ। এডমিন পেইজের নাম পরিবর্তন করার সিদ্ধান্ত নিয়েছেন এবং পেইজটি অন্যত্র ব্যবহার করা হবে। ফলোয়ারদের নিকট আন্তরিক ভাবে দু:খ প্রকাশ করা হচ্ছে।

Cardiac skeleton
The cardiac skeleton, also known as the
fibrous skeleton of the heart, is a high
density single structure of connective tissue
that forms and anchors the valves and
influences the forces exerted through them.
The cardiac skeleton separates and partitions
the atria (the smaller, upper two chambers)
from the ventricles (the larger, lower two
chambers). This is important because it
forms the primary channel that electrical
energy follows from the top to the bottom
of the heart.

Tricuspid valve stenosis is a valvular heart
disease which results in the narrowing of the
or***ce of the tricuspid valve of the heart. It
is a relatively rare condition that causes
stenosis- increased resistance to blood flow
through the valve.
Causes
It is almost always caused by rheumatic
fever and is generally accompanied by
mitral stenosis.
Rare other causes include carcinoid
syndrome, endocarditis, endomyocardial
fibrosis, lupus erythematosus, right atrial
myxoma and congenital tricuspid atresia.
Diagnosis
A mid diastolic murmur can be heard during
auscultation caused by the blood flow
through the stenotic valve. It is best heard
over the left sternal border with rumbling
character and tricuspid opening snap with
wide splitting S1. May increase in intensity
with inspiration ( Carvallo's sign). The
diagnosis and the severity can be assessed by
echocardiography.
Treatment
Tricuspid valve stenosis itself usually doesn't
require treatment. However, if there is
damage to other valves in the heart as well,
then surgical repair or replacement must be
considered.
The treatment is usually by surgery (tricuspid
valve replacement) or percutaneous balloon
valvuloplasty. The resultant tricuspid
regurgitation from percutaneous treatment
is better tolerated than insufficiency
occurring during mitral valvuloplast

Mitral stenosis is a valvular heart disease
characterized by the narrowing of the or***ce
of the mitral valve of the heart.
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms of mitral stenosis include:
Heart failure symptoms, such as dyspnea
on exertion, orthopnea and paroxysmal
nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
Palpitations
Chest pain
Hemoptysis
Thromboembolism in later stages when
the left atrial volume is increased (i.e.,
dilation). The latter leads to increase risk of
atrial fibrillation, which increases the risk of
blood stasis (motionless). This increases the
risk of coagulation.
Ascites and edema and hepatomegaly (if
right-side heart failure develops)
Fatigue and weakness increase with exercise
and pregnancy.

Aortic valve stenosis (AS) is a disease of the
heart valves in which the opening of the
aortic valve is narrowed. The aortic valve
is the valve located between the left
ventricle of the heart and the aorta, the
largest artery in the body, which carries the
entire output of blood to the systemic
circulation. Aortic stenosis is now the most
common valvular heart disease in the
Western World.
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms related to aortic stenosis depend
on the degree of valve stenosis. Most people
with mild to moderate aortic stenosis are
asymptomatic. Symptoms usually present in
individuals with severe aortic stenosis,
though they may occur in those with mild to
moderate aortic stenosis as well. The three
cardinal symptoms of aortic stenosis are
syncope, anginal chest pain and dyspnea or
other symptoms of heart failure such as
orthopnea, exertional dyspnea, paroxysmal
nocturnal dyspnea, or pedal edema.

Valvular heart disease is any disease
process involving one or more of the four
valves of the heart (the aortic and mitral
valves on the left and the pulmonary and
tricuspid valves on the right). Collectively
and anatomically, the valves are part of the
dense connective tissue makeup of the heart
known as the cardiac skeleton. Valve
problems may be congenital (inborn) or
acquired (due to another cause later in life).
Treatment may be with medication but often
(depending on the severity) involves valve
repair or replacement (insertion of an
artificial heart valve). Specific situations
include those where additional demands are
made on the circulation, such as in
pregnancy.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) also known
as atherosclerotic heart disease,
coronary heart disease, or ischemic
heart disease (IHD), is the most common
type of heart disease and cause of heart
attacks. The disease is caused by plaque
building up along the inner walls of the
arteries of the heart, which narrows the
arteries and reduces blood flow to the heart.
While the symptoms and signs of coronary
artery disease are noted in the advanced
state of disease, most individuals with
coronary artery disease show no evidence of
disease for decades as the disease
progresses before the first onset of
symptoms, often a "sudden" heart attack,
finally arises. Symptoms of stable ischaemic
heart disease include angina (characteristic
chest pain on exertion) and decreased
exercise tolerance.
Unstable IHD presents itself as chest pain or
other symptoms at rest, or rapidly
worsening angina. The risk of artery
narrowing increases with age, smoking, high
blood cholesterol, diabetes, high blood
pressure, and is more common in men and
those who have close relatives with CAD.
Other causes include coronary vasospasm,
a spasm of the blood vessels of the heart, it
is usually called Prinzmetal's angina.

hi everyone, wellcome to this page.