Never give up to study inglish

HISTORY OF ENGLISH


GERMANIC AND THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH:

The English language that we use to communicate nowadays is not like the earlier forms of the English language which changed from Old English spoken between 700-1100 AD to Middle English to Modern English.

A. ENGLISH IN PRE–HISTORY:

English belongs to the Germanic language tribe which has its lineage rooted in IndoEuropean languages. Several writers are of the opinion that at first, some people who used ProtoIndo-European languages together with the Germanic versions, lived around the Caspian and the Black Sea in the past. Most of the researchers say that this populace then trekked towards east, west, and north and settled down in the European Union and Western parts of Asia.

We realize the preliminary Indo-Euro accents from components in their mended word banks. Few phrases, as instances, narrate farming machinery which roots back to 5000 BCE. The Indo-European terms for corn, durum, fiber, apples, crises, grapevine, creepers, and beer and phrases for other numerous agricultural tools describe a manner of existence unrevealed in Northern parts of Europe till the 3rd or 2nd century B.C. Patched word choice additionally reveals to us a whole lot regarding the weather and topography of the area in which the ProtoIndo-Euro populace resided. The words encompass lexicons like winter, time, ice, frog, seaside, fox, fish, lion, and marten, and appear to indicate a northern pleasant weather.

B. LANGUAGE RECONSTRUCTION: COGNATES

Let us take a look at cognates that facilitate us to make learned assumptions about approximately what terms could additionally have appeared as in a primary speech. Cognates additionally screen methodical changes in sounds which had emerged as there was a development of new language. For example;

GREEK LATIN GOTHIC ENGLISH
mitera mater matar mother

C. GRIMM’S REGULATION:

By way of evaluating Germanic languages with that of Latin languages,

Metaphor
Metaphor (Gr. meta 'change' and phore 'bear') is a
transference of meaning based on the similarity of two no
tions. Besides its function of denoting an object a meta
phor also serves to give it some expressive characteris
tics. By means of this figure of speech one notion is lik
ened to another. Thus a metaphor can be regarded as a dis
guised comparison, A foolish person, for example, is refer
red to as an ass, a spiteful woman may be called a catf etc.
One must distinguish between metaphors used as stylist
ic devices and words of metaphoric origin, which are usu
ally called linguistic metaphors. In a linguistic metaphor
the image may have faded as a result of long usage. Such
are, for example, anthropomorphic metaphors, like 'foot of
a 'bed', 'leg of a chair', 'mouth of a bottle', 'head of a
nail', etc,
A notion expressed by a stylistic metaphor has also
another, nonfigurative name, which is perceived together
with the metaphor. Stylistic metaphors may be divided into
stereotyped and individual ones. A stereotyped metaphor is
an expressive means established in the language, e.g. 'the
ladder of fame*, 'a gleam of hone', 'the salt of life', 'a
flight of Imagination', 'under the guise of friendship', 'to
burn with passion (anger, etc)', 'to nose into other peo
ple's affairs', 'a crushing defeat', etc.
Many stereotyped metaphors have enriched English phra
seology, forming set espreseions like 'to be in the same
boat', 'to fence with a question', 'blind window*, 'pirati
cal edition', 'to fish for compliments', etc.
Individual metaphors are the fruit of the author's im
agination. They are often unique, depending on the writer's

Portugal granted Angola independence on November 11, 1975, at a time when multiple Angolan nationalist forces were fighting among themselves to establish control over the newly liberated state. Although the United States acknowledged the independence of the former Portuguese colony, the U.S. Government (like Portugal itself) did not recognize the Government of Angola declared by the MPLA. The United States continued to withhold recognition of a Government of Angola because of continuing concerns about the presence of Cuban combat troops in Angola and their involvement in regional conflicts. After years of civil war, Angola held its first multiparty elections in 1992. The elected government agreed to sign a peace agreement with UNITA, the party that had been in power prior to the election. In response, U.S. President Bill Clinton formally recognized the new Government of Angola on May 19, 1993, using his announcement to urge UNITA to accept a negotiated settlement.

The Center for Advance Research on Language Acquisition goes a step further, defining culture as shared patterns of behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs and understanding that are learned by socialization. Thus, it can be seen as the growth of a group identity fostered by social patterns unique to the group.

"Culture encompasses religion, food, what we wear, how we wear it, our language, marriage, music, what we believe is right or wrong, how we sit at the table, how we greet visitors, how we behave with loved ones, and a million other things," Cristina De Rossi, an anthropologist at Barnet and Southgate College in London, told Live Science.

The word "culture" derives from a French term, which in turn derives from the Latin "colere," which means to tend to the earth and grow, or cultivation and nurture. "It shares its etymology with a number of other words related to actively fostering growth," De Rossi said.

Western culture

The term "Western culture" has come to define the culture of European countries as well as those that have been heavily influenced by European immigration, such as the United States, according to Khan University. Western culture has its roots in the Classical Period of the Greco-Roman era and the rise of Christianity in the 14th century.

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Other drivers of Western culture include Latin, Celtic, Germanic and Hellenic ethnic and linguistic groups. Today, the influences of Western culture can be seen in almost every country in the world.

Eastern culture

Eastern culture generally refers to the societal norms of countries in Far East Asia (including China, Japan, Vietnam, North Korea and South Korea) and the Indian subcontinent. Like the West, Eastern culture was heavily influenced by religion during its early development, but it was also heavily influenced by the growth and harvesting of rice, according to the book "Pathways to Asian Civilizations: Tracing the Origins and Spread of Rice and Rice Cultures" by Dorian Q

Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts.

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SOME DEFINITIONS

Culture refers to the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.

Culture is the systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people.

Culture is communication, communication is culture.

Culture in its broadest sense is cultivated behavior; that is the totality of a person's learned, accumulated experience which is socially transmitted, or more briefly, behavior through social learning.

A culture is a way of life of a group of people--the behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept, generally without thinking about them, and that are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next.

Culture is symbolic communication. Some of its symbols include a group's skills, knowledge, attitudes, values, and motives. The meanings of the symbols are learned and deliberately perpetuated in a society through its institutions.

Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values; culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the other hand, as conditioning influences upon further action.

Culture is the sum of total of the learned behavior of a group of people that are generally considered to be the tradition of that people and are transmitted from generation to generation.

Culture is a collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another.

THEORY OF CULTURAL DETERMINISM

The position that the ideas, mean

Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts.

The Center for Advance Research on Language Acquisition goes a step further, defining culture as shared patterns of behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs and understanding that are learned by socialization. Thus, it can be seen as the growth of a group identity fostered by social patterns unique to the group.

"Culture encompasses religion, food, what we wear, how we wear it, our language, marriage, music, what we believe is right or wrong, how we sit at the table, how we greet visitors, how we behave with loved ones, and a million other things," Cristina De Rossi, an anthropologist at Barnet and Southgate College in London, told Live Science.

The word "culture" derives from a French term, which in turn derives from the Latin "colere," which means to tend to the earth and grow, or cultivation and nurture. "It shares its etymology with a number of other words related to actively fostering growth," De Rossi said.

Western culture

The term "Western culture" has come to define the culture of European countries as well as those that have been heavily influenced by European immigration, such as the United States, according to Khan University. Western culture has its roots in the Classical Period of the Greco-Roman era and the rise of Christianity in the 14th century.

Other drivers of Western culture include Latin, Celtic, Germanic and Hellenic ethnic and linguistic groups. Today, the influences of Western culture can be seen in almost every country in the world.

Eastern culture

Eastern culture generally refers to the societal norms of countries in Far East Asia (including China, Japan, Vietnam, North Korea and South Korea) and the Indian subcontinent. Like the West, Eastern culture was heavily influenced by religion during its early development, but it was also heavily influenced by the growth and harvesti

Ao chegarHello, HiOlá, oiGood morningBom diaGood afternoonBoa tardeGood eveningBoa noiteWhat’s your name?Qual é o seu nome?Hi, my name is…Oi, meu nome é…I’m sorry, (but) what was your name again?Desculpe, (mas) qual é mesmo o seu nome?Nice to meet you, pleased to meet you Prazer em conhecê-loWelcomeSeja bem-vindoDurante a conversaHow are you? What’s up?Como vai? E aí? I’m fine, thank you, and you?Estou bem, obrigado(a), e você?I’m okEstou bemThank you, thank you very muchObrigado(a), muito obrigado(a)Excuse meCom licençaThat’s all rightNão foi nadaYou’re welcomeDe nadaAo se despedirGood nightBoa noiteSee you later, until next timeAté logo, até a próximaSee you tomorrow Até amanhãGoodbye, bye byeTchauPleased to meet youFoi um prazer Take careCuide-seHave a good weekendTenha um bom final de semanaRegards

bathers (béiders) - banhistas
bay (béi) - baía
beach ball (bích ból) - bola de praia
binoculars (binókiulars) - binóculos

breaker (breíker) - onda grande
breeze (bríis) - brisa
clam (klam) - molusco
cliff (klif) -rochedo

coast (kóust) - costa
cooler (kúuler) - geleira
coral (kóral) - coral
crab (krab) - caranguejo

current (kérrent) - corrente
dressing rooms (drésing rúums) - vestuários
dune (diún) - duna
folding chair (fóulding cher) - cadeira dobradiça

play

goggles (gógls) - óculos de natação
horizon (joráison) - horizonte
island (áiland) - ilha
kite (káit) - papagaio

life preserver (láif prisérver) - salva-vidas
lifeguard (láif gárd) - salva-vidas
motorboat (móurobóut) - lancha
ocean (óushen) - oceano

pail (péil) - balde
sailboat (séilbout) - veleiro
sand (sánd) - areia
sandals (sándals) - sandálias

sandcastle (sándkásl) - castelo de areia
sea (síi) - mar
seaweed (síiwuíd) - alga marinha
shark (shark) - tubarão

play

shell (shel) - co**ha
shore (shóor) - costa
shovel (shóvl) - pá
snail (snéil) - caracol

starfish (stárfish) - estrela do mar
sunburn (sánbern) - queimadura de sol
sunglasses (sángláses) - óculos de sol
sunscreen (sánskrin) - protetor solar

suntan lotion (sántan óil) - loção bronzeadora
surfboard (sérf bórd) - taboa de surfe
surfers (sérfers) - surfistas
swimmer (suímer) - nadador

swimming pool (suíming púl) - piscina
swimming trunks (suíming tranks) - sunga
swimsuit (suímsiut) - traje de banho
tide (táid) - maré

towel (tául) - toalha
umbrella (ambréla) - sombrinha
wave (uéiv) - onda

In the sea - no mar

In the water - nal água

In a river - no rio

In the ocean - no oceano

In + clima/tempo

play

In the rain - na chuva

In the sun - no sol

In the wind - no vento

In the fog - na neblina

In + certos lugares e expressões

play

In prison - na prisão

In hospital - no hospital

In bed - na cama

In Oak Street - na rua Oak

In a line - na fila

In a row - em fila

In a queue - em uma fila

In the sky - no céu

In a book - no livro

In a magazine - em uma revista

In a letter - em uma carta

In a mirror - em um espelho

In a car - em um carro

In a taxi - em um taxi

In a helicopter - em um helicóptero

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