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The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, occurred on April 13, 1919, during the British colonial era in India. Here's what happened:
- *Background*: The British government had introduced the Rowlatt Act, which allowed them to arrest and detain individuals without trial. This led to widespread protests across India, particularly in Amritsar, Punjab.
- *The Massacre*: A large crowd of around 20,000 to 25,000 people, including men, women, and children, gathered at Jallianwala Bagh, a public garden in Amritsar, to peacefully protest against the Rowlatt Act and the arrest of two nationalist leaders, Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satya Pal. Colonel Reginald Dyer, a British officer, arrived with 50 troops and ordered them to open fire on the crowd without warning.
- *Firing and Casualties*: The troops fired for about 10 minutes, killing and injuring many people. Estimates of the death toll vary from 379 to over 1,500 people, with over 1,200 others injured. The crowd was trapped in the garden, which had only one narrow exit, and many people jumped into a well to escape the firing.
- *Aftermath*: The massacre sparked widespread outrage and protests across India, leading to a significant shift in the Indian independence movement. Many moderate Indians who had previously supported the British became nationalists, distrustful of British rule.
- *British Response*: The British government initially tried to suppress information about the massacre, but news eventually spread, and there was widespread condemnation. Winston Churchill, the Secretary of State for War, called the attack "unutterably monstrous".
- *Legacy*: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre is remembered as a pivotal moment in India's struggle for independence. A memorial was built at the site in 1961, and it serves as a reminder of the sacrifices made by Indians during the freedom struggle ¹ ² ³.

The incident also had a profound impact on Indian leaders, including Rabindranath Tagore, who renounced his knighthood in protest, and Mahatma Gandhi, who returned the Kaiser-i-Hind medal awarded to him for his service during the Boer War ¹.

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