01/12/2025
🔵 Nephrotic Syndrome – Key Extract
💧 Hyperproteinuria ≥3.5 g/day
🔻 Hypoalbuminemia → albumin lost in urine
🧈 Hyperlipidemia (↑atherosclerosis risk if chronic)
💦 Edema
⚠️ Complications → Hypercoagulable state (loss of AT-III, Protein C, S in urine)
📌 ⅓ due to systemic diseases (DM, SLE, Amyloidosis)
🧒 Children → Minimal Change Disease most common
🧑 Adults → FSGS most common
1️⃣ Minimal Change Disease (MCD)
⭐ Most common nephrotic syndrome in children
🎯 Sudden onset edema
🔬 Light microscopy → normal
🔎 EM → diffuse effacement of podocyte foot processes
💊 Steroid responsive → excellent prognosis
2️⃣ Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
🔺 Most common nephrotic syndrome in adults (↑ African descent)
🩸 Causes → IV drug use, HIV, Sickle cell, Obesity
💉 Biopsy → focal sclerosis in glomerular tufts
💊 Treatment → Prednisone ± immunosuppressants
💊 ACEi/ARBs → ↓ proteinuria + control HTN