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Who is Sultan Kudarat

In the year 1581, six decades after the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in the Philippines, Mohammad Dipatuan Kudarat, otherwise known as Sultan Kudarat, was born. Nine years prior, Spanish conquistador Miguel Lopez de Legazpi had already captured Manila, where he had successfully pacified Manila’s allied rulers Rajah Sulayman and Lakan Dula through a peace pact. At the time, Spain had already colonized parts of the Visayas, and it had its eyes set on conquering Mindanao.

What Makes a Sultan Different From a Datu or Rajah?

Unlike the political entities (communities led by datus) found in the Visayas and Luzon, those in Mindanao had a more advanced structure of government: the sultanate. When Islam was introduced in the archipelago in the 13th century, it also brought in the concept of a sultan: a ruler who was considered God’s shadow on earth, according to historians Patricio Abinales and Donna Amoroso (2005).
The concept of a sultan helped southern Filipinos enhance their rule over their territories. It enabled them to forge alliances based on religion, something which the datus of Luzon and the Visayas, who mostly relied on loyalty and marriage alliances, lacked. More important, other rulers in the territory were required by faith to support the sultan, rather than compete with him. As a result, the sultanate was able to expand its domain, strengthening commerce and increasing manpower, eventually having enough power and influence to reject Western colonization.

Sultan Kudarat and His Rise to Power (1619 to 1671)
At 39 years old, after his father’s death, Mohammad Dipatuan Kudarat became Sultan Kudarat. For 52 years, he ruled the Sultanate of Maguindanao as a shrewd strategist and politician.
It was during Sultan Kudarat’s reign when the Maguindanao Sultanate’s power peaked. His domain occupied the expanse of today’s nine provinces: Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Cotabato, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Sarangani, Zamboanga Sibugay, and Zamboanga del Sur.

As a maritime sultanate, it had access to international trade. The sultanate traded with the Dutch and the Chinese, bartering slaves and rice for wares and weapons.

Sultan Kudarat also forged an alliance with the Sultanate of Sulu, a neighboring maritime sultanate, by marrying its sultan’s daughter. The Sultanate of Sulu was situated east of the territories of the Sultanate of Maguindanao, and its territory stretched to the northern part of Borneo.

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There are bridges across rivers, no boat or air journey required. The road is over 22 000 km long and it would take 587 days to cover for a person walking 8 hours a day. The road also covers 17 countries, 6 time zones and the traveller will experience all the seasons and weathers of the world in his or her journey

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Gregorio Zara invented the first videophone, or two-way television-telephone, in the mid-1950s, long before the digital age began. When Zara patented it in 1955 as a "photo phone signal separation network," it moved beyond science fiction and comic books. Zara's videophone was never intended to be a commercial product in the first place.

Aside from the videophone, Zara holds 30 patents, including a solar-energy device, a propeller-cutting machine, and an airplane engine that runs on pure alcohol as fuel.

On July 19, 1959, President Carlos Garcia recognized him for his contributions to aeronautics during National Science and Technology Week. President Ferdinand E. Marcos honored the National Scientist Award on him in 1978.

On October 15, 1978, he died at the age of 76. The Philippine government held a state funeral for him at the Libingan ng mga Bayani.

📷: National Academy of Science and Technology Philippines

On April 29, 1872, General Jose Ignacio Paua (Pawa) was born as Liu Heng-fu (劉亨賻) in Fujian, Qing China. Migrating to Manila at the age of 18, Paua found himself working as a blacksmith in Binondo. At the same time, he honed his skills in Chinese martial arts (武術).

As one of the Chinese to have ever fought in the Philippine Revolution and the Filipino-American War, Paua would lend to the Filipino cause not only his fighting skill, but also his knowledge as a blacksmith. It was said he convinced Emilio Aguinaldo to build a munitions factory in Cavite. Paua supervised the repair of broken weapons such as captured Mausers, as well as the creation of makeshift ones such as cannons made of bamboo or of metal from melted objects like church bells. He also taught how to make homemade gunpowder to refill cartridges. In addition, he was known as an organizer, doing whatever he could to raise needed funds for the revolution wherever he was sent. By the time war erupted with the Americans, Paua was serving in the Bicol region as chief of military operations.

Such was the reputation of Paua that Mariano Ponce once stated how the Chinese revolutionary was even braver than El Cid (1043-1099), the Spanish hero who fought during the Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule. It was his very reputation in the field that brought surprise to Filipino ranks when Paua surrendered on March 27, 1900.

This was after a near-death experience Paua survived during the Battle of Guinobatan a month earlier, on February 23, wherein he suspected a plot to take him down from the Filipinos who he chose to fight with. While charging on horseback, a shot came from behind him that almost hit his head. When he turned around, he realized it was friendly fire. Meanwhile, not even his personal es**rt of 30 soldiers accompanied Paua in his surrender to the United States, reinforcing his suspicions of ill-will towards him within the ranks. Despite his prevailing thoughts, it remained speculative what might have been the motivations of his fellow Filipino troops to turn against him. In retrospect, Paua has been involved in the apprehension of Andres Bonifacio, among other contentious events during his career.

Paua would settle in Albay after the war until his death on May 24, 1926. Learn more about the history of the Filipino-American War: https://history-ph.blogspot.com/2015/03/president-aguinaldos-only-battle.html

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THE FORGOTTEN PHILIPPINE HERO
Captain David Fagen
[Good Read]

If you would stroll around Metro Manila, you may walk thru a street or places named after foreign individuals [e.g. McKinley Road, Lawton Avenue, Taft Avenue, and others]. Having these streets etched in their names reminisced the minds of the Filipinos these foreign individuals had contributed important things that shaped the course of Philippine history.

In spite of their substantial contributions to our history, however, there are also other foreign key individuals in our past who were more deserving, yet they have been deliberately ignored and forgotten for their tremendous contributions to our history even to the point of their heroic deeds for this country. One of the best examples of that is CAPTAIN DAVID FAGEN during the Philippine-American War (1899-1902).

WHO WAS DAVID FAGEN?
DAVID FAGEN was an African-American Army Cpl., born sometime in 1878 in Tampa, and a son of a former slave in Florida.

In 1898, Fagen enlisted in the 24th Infantry, all-Black cavalry in the US Army, and was sent to Cuba for a war. After a year in Cuba, Fagen was deployed to Manila to fight in the Philippine-American War.

After a few months of battling against the Filipinos, while in war, he sees and hates when white soldiers called the Filipinos, "ni***rs" (as it also reminds him of tremendous discrimination in his home country), he also opposed American imperialism.

Reports indicate that he had constant arguments with his commanding officers and requested to be transferred at least three times which contributed to his growing resentment of the Army. [1]

He contemplated what he was doing, so one day, he had the decision to defy orders from his superior and decided not to go to fight against Filipinos anymore.

He stole four pistols and a horse and he rode off and joined the Filipino Republican Army (Philippine Liberation Army) under General Aguinaldo.

Fagen turned his back on his own army, for his new life as a Filipino guerrilla that began on November 17, 1899. He becomes a very successful fighter, cunning, and highly skilled guerrilla who wreaked havoc, harassed, and evaded large conventional American units and achieved legendary status in Filipino Community.

Fagen trained Filipino soldiers and was soon promoted to captain and given his own command.

He became the most notorious and hated American traitor, a turncoat hero of the Philippine-American War that his capture became an obsession to the U.S. military and the American public. [2]

David Fagen was ultimately never captured, his whereabouts were unclear at the end of the war.

Sources:
[1] Vicente Rafael, February 11, 2007, Blackpast.org
[2] "The Story of David Fagen: Turncoat Hero Featured For Black History Month" by Sandra Averhart • January 31, 2019


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Pompeii, Italian Pompei, preserved ancient Roman city in Campania, Italy, 14 miles (23 km) southeast of Naples, at the southeastern base of Mount Vesuvius. Around noon on August 24, 79 CE, a huge eruption from Mount Vesuvius showered volcanic debris over the city of Pompeii, followed the next day by clouds of blisteringly hot gases.