Ôn thi SAT

𝟏. 𝐖𝐡𝐨𝐦
- Use whom after a preposition
E.g 1: Jane is the girl 𝐰𝐡𝐨𝐦 I bought these gifts 𝐟𝐨𝐫.
E.g: The chaperones 𝐭𝐨 𝐰𝐡𝐨𝐦 the students were assigned made sure they walked in a single file.

𝟐. 𝐖𝐡𝐨
- Use who for all other cases
E.g: The agency recruited overseas teachers 𝐰𝐡𝐨 would be able to demonstrate a native fluency in English.

Good luck to everyone taking the SAT on Saturday including me 🥰

𝑀𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑠

𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝘂𝗲/𝗦𝘂𝗽𝗽𝗼𝗿𝘁: And As well as
Also First
In addition Next
Furthermore Then
Moreover Finally
For example For instance
One reason Another reason

𝗘𝘅𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗶𝗻: Because Explanation
The reason is That is
The answer is : (colon) - (dash)

𝗗𝗿𝗮𝘄 𝗮 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗹𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻: So Consequently
Thus Therefore
As a result Thereby

𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗲: Similarly Likewise
As Just as
Much as Like

𝗗𝗲𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗲: That is That is to say
Properly speaking

𝗦𝗽𝗲𝗰𝘂𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗲: If Might Perhaps
May Could It's possible

𝗘𝗺𝗽𝗵𝗮𝘀𝗶𝘇𝗲: Indeed In fact Let me be clear
Italics Capital letters
Exclamation point Repetition


𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘀𝘁: But Yet Although
However Still On the contrary
While Despite On the other hand
Whereas In contrast
Instead Rather than
Nevertheless Misguided

𝗤𝘂𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻/𝗜𝗺𝗽𝗹𝘆 𝘀𝗸𝗲𝗽𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗶𝘀𝗺:
But is it really true....?
Question mark ?
Quotation mark "....."

𝗤𝘂𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗳𝘆: - (dash) () (parentheses)

𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗴 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗱𝘀: Indicate Importance
Essential Central
Key The point is
Significant The goal is
Fundamental Important

𝟏. 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞
- Example:
+ Wrong (X): When I look up at the stars, I couldn't believe believe 𝐢𝐭 𝐰𝐚𝐬 so many light-years away.
+ Correct (✓): When I look up at the stars, I couldn't believe believe 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐲 𝐰𝐞𝐫𝐞 so many light-years away.

=> 𝑨 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒏 𝒎𝒖𝒔𝒕 𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒍𝒚 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑶𝑵𝑬 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑶𝑵𝑳𝒀 𝑶𝑵𝑬 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝑵𝑶𝑼𝑵.

𝟐. 𝐀𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐞𝐬
* Possessive of singular noun -> Add apostrophe + -s
E.g: The dog's tail is brown. = The tail of 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐨𝐠 is brown.

* Possessive of plural noun -> Add apostrophe after the -s or -es
E.g: The dogs' tails are brown. = The tails of 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐨𝐠𝐬 are brown.

𝟏. 𝐑𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐲
- Two type of redundancy
+ Words that essentially repeat or unnecessarily define previous words.
E.g: Wrong (X): Our problem is that we are too self-aware of ourselves.
Correct (✓): Our problem is that we are too self-aware.

+ Inflated or useless phrases that could be omitted or condensed into fewer words
E.g: Wrong (X): Joey bought a super-sized hamburger due to the fact that he was really hungry.
Correct (✓): Joey bought a super-sized hamburger 𝐛𝐞𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞 he was really hungry.

𝟐. 𝐃𝐢𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
* Avoid exaggerated, overly dramatic, or high-sounding word language
E.g: Wrong (X): The startup didn't become 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐡𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 until it reached a critical mass of customers using the app on a daily basis.
Correct (✓): The startup didn't become 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 until it reached a critical mass of customers using the app on a daily basis.

* Avoid casual or informal language
E.g: Wrong (X): Tired from the twenty-mile hike, Yasmine retired to her tent and 𝐬𝐧𝐨𝐨𝐳𝐞𝐝.
Correct (✓): Tired from the twenty-mile hike, Yasmine retired to her tent and 𝐬𝐥𝐞𝐩𝐭.

* Avoid vague and wordy language
E.g: Wrong (X): In anticipation of the Black Friday, store owners are making sure they have a wide variety of 𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐟𝐟 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐥 in stock.
Correct (✓): In anticipation of the Black Friday, store owners are making sure they have a wide variety of 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐬 in stock.

* Be aware of commonly confused words
E.g: Wrong (X): Ketchup is a better 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐡 𝐟𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 mustard.
Correct (✓): Ketchup is a better 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐡 𝐟𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 mustard.

𝟏. 𝐒𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐧
- Join 2 independent clauses
=> 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒅 = 𝑺𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒏
E.g: Tomatoes are used in many different types of cooking; farmers around the world grow them in both fields and greenhouses.

𝟐. 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐚
* As a stop punctuation + FANBOYS
E.g: She is nice, so most people in the office like her.
- FANBOYS: 𝐅or, 𝐀nd, 𝐍or, 𝐁ut, 𝐎r, 𝐘et, 𝐒o

* As a go punctuation between two ideas that are related.
E.g: Because she's been so busy, I haven't seen her in month.

* To separate three or more items in a list
E.g: Mario dodged blazing fire balls, turtles with hammers, and Venus fly traps to rescue Princess Peach.

* To separate additional information
E.g: The Tower of London, which was begun by William the Conqueror in 1078, is one of the largest and most imposing fortifications in England.

𝟑. 𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐧
* Before a list
E.g: Photographer and filmmaker George Picker chronicled a wide variety of artists: folk singers, jazz musicians, and visual artists.

* Before an explanation
E.g: The Amazon parrot does not make an ideal pet for most people for one major reason: it requires much more attention and affection than many other animals do.

𝟒. 𝐃𝐚𝐬𝐡
* Set of a non-essential clause (vast majority of SAT questions test this usage)
E.g: London - which is a very old city - has many new buildings.
=> 𝑻𝒘𝒐 𝒅𝒂𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒔 = 𝑻𝒘𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒂𝒔

* Introduce a list or explanation (occasionally appears on the SAT)
E.g: Life is like a puzzle - half the fun is in trying to work it out.
=> 𝑫𝒂𝒔𝒉 = 𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒏

* Create a deliberate pause (rarely appears on the SAT)
E.g: After eight hours of driving, we finally arrived home - and that was when we discovered we had forgotten to close all of the windows.

𝟏. 𝐅𝐚𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐲 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐦
- Parallel structure refers to the fact that writing should be keep consistent.
=> 𝑰𝒇 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒉, 𝒊𝒕 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒅 𝒃𝒆 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒔 𝒘𝒆𝒍𝒍.

- Example:
+ Wrong (X): The time devoted to books by publishing companies has been reduced by financial constraints 𝐚𝐧𝐝 the emphasis on marketing considerations has increased.

-> The time devoted to books by publishing companies has been reduced by
1) financial constraints
2) the emphasis on marketing considerations has increase
-> Their constructions do not match.

+ Correct (✓): The time devoted to books by publishing companies has been reduced by both 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐬 and 𝐚𝐧 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐬 on marketing considerations.

𝟐. 𝐅𝐚𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐨𝐧
* 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐟𝐚𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐨𝐧
- Example:
+ Wrong (X): Throughout the 1950's, the music of composer Charles Ives was far less popular among audience in the United States than 𝐉𝐨𝐡𝐧 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐩 𝐒𝐨𝐮𝐬𝐚.
+ Correct (✓): Throughout the 1950's, the music of composer Charles Ives was far less popular among audience in the United States than 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐉𝐨𝐡𝐧 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐩 𝐒𝐨𝐮𝐬𝐚.

* 𝐏𝐥𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐚𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐨𝐧
- Example:
+ Wrong (X): Although birds are not generally known for their intelligence, recent findings have established that parrots often possess 𝐬𝐤𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐬 similar to 𝐡𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐭𝐨𝐝𝐝𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐬.
+ Correct (✓): Although birds are not generally known for their intelligence, recent findings have established that parrots often possess 𝐬𝐤𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐬 similar to 𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐡𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐭𝐨𝐝𝐝𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐬.

=> 𝑨𝒍𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒐𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒑𝒆𝒐𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔

𝟑. 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐞
- Comma splice: When two independent clauses are joined by a comma

- Example:
+ Wrong (X): The Thoroughbred racehorse is a breed said to descend from three Arabian stallions brought to Britain in the 1600's, they have passed along their characteristics consistently ever since.
+ Correct (✓): The Thoroughbred racehorse is a breed said to descend from three Arabian stallions brought to Britain in the 1600's; they have passed along their characteristics consistently ever since.

=> 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒂 + 𝑭𝑨𝑵𝑩𝑶𝒀 = 𝑺𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒏 = 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒅

𝟏. 𝐖𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐞
- Tense answer the question "𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛?". It indicates past, present, or future.
E.g: Wrong (X): On early maps, Brazil was shown as an island because its great area ℎ𝑎𝑠 not yet been fully explored.
Correct (✓): On early maps, Brazil was shown as an island because its great area ℎ𝑎𝑑 not yet been fully explored.

𝟐. 𝐍𝐨 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐛/ 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 = 𝐒𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭
- A sentence fragment is a piece or part of a sentence.

- Example:
+ Wrong (X): People who have a sense of entitlement and feel absolutely no sympathy for those less fortunate even when they take advantages of their services.
+ Correct (✓): People who have a sense of entitlement and feel absolutely no sympathy for those less fortunate even when they take advantages of their services 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑘
=> 𝑴𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝒂 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒃

𝟑. 𝐀𝐰𝐤𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐯𝐨𝐢𝐜𝐞
- Example:
+ Wrong (X): Kathy was disappointed to discover the book ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 been sold.
+ Correct (✓): Kathy was disappointed to discover the book ℎ𝑎𝑠 been sold.

- Cheat: Being = WRONG
E.g: Wrong (X): Though reimagined by ensuring culture and philosophy, these changes 𝑏𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 propelled by Descartes's initial contribution to that conversation.
Correct (✓): Though reimagined by ensuring culture and philosophy, these changes 𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑒 propelled by Descartes's initial contribution to that conversation.

𝟒. 𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 - 𝐍𝐨𝐧-𝐄𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞 - 𝐕𝐞𝐫𝐛
- A non-essential clause is inserted between the subject and the verb to distract or confuse you.
=> Physically draw a line through the non-essential clause.

- Example 1:
+ Wrong (X): Green tea with mint, which is a popular drink in many Middle-Eastern countries, 𝑎𝑟𝑒 said to have many health benefits.
+ Correct (✓): Green tea with mint, w̵h̵i̵c̵h̵ ̵i̵s̵ a ̵p̵o̵p̵u̵l̵a̵r̵ ̵d̵r̵i̵n̵k̵ ̵i̵n̵ ̵m̵a̵n̵y̵ ̵M̵i̵d̵d̵l̵e̵-̵E̵a̵s̵t̵e̵r̵n̵ ̵c̵o̵u̵n̵t̵r̵i̵e̵s̵, 𝑖𝑠 said to have many health benefits.

- Example 2:
+ Wrong (X): Tony, as well as Wendy, ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 been to many countries.
+ Correct (✓): Tony, a̵s̵ ̵w̵e̵l̵l̵ ̵a̵s̵ ̵W̵e̵n̵d̵y̵, ℎ𝑎𝑠 been to many countries.

𝟏. 𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐫𝐬
- What is basic agreement? You have to conjugate the word to match the subject
E.g: In a mere teaspoon of topsoil, there is likely to be more than two billion microscopic organisms.

- Things to remember:
+ Singular: Every, anyone, everyone, someone, anybody, somebody, nobody, each, one, either and neither
E.g 1: Each iPhone 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠 Apple $168 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠 us $699.
E.g 2: Every Bentley, Lamborghini, and Porsche 𝑖𝑠 owned by Volkswagen.
+ Plural: A number of people = Some people
E.g: A number of people ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 hyperthymesia.

𝟐. 𝐖𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 + 𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = 𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐫
- Modifier: Modifies or describes someone/ something in a sentence

- Example:
+ Wrong (X): After being beaten and deflated, the baker shaped and season the dough.
=> 𝑺𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒏 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒅 𝒃𝒆 𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒏𝒆𝒙𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒓
+ Correct (✓): After being beaten and deflated, the dough was shaped and season by the baker.

𝟑. 𝐈𝐧𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧 = 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫/ 𝐏𝐥𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐧
- Example:
+ X: If 𝑜𝑛𝑒 wishes to successfully scale Mount Everest, 𝑦𝑜𝑢 must have sufficient preparation.
+ ✓: If 𝑜𝑛𝑒 wishes to successfully scale Mount Everest, 𝑜𝑛𝑒 must have sufficient preparation.

- Things to remember:
+ Plural: They, their, we,...
+ Singular: His, her, you, one, his or her, he or she,...
E.g 1: A good teacher knows his or her students. (Because a teacher can be a male or female)
E.g 2: Each team leader is responsible for his or her team.

𝟒. 𝐖𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐠/ 𝐔𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞
- Example: While the tomato is botanically a fruit, it is considered a vegetable for culinary purpose.
=> 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒔 𝒎𝒖𝒔𝒕 𝒂𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒔
=> 𝑷𝒍𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒔 𝒎𝒖𝒔𝒕 𝒂𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒑𝒍𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒔

𝟏. 𝐆𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐩𝐬
- 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 1: Read passage 1 -> Write down main point
- 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 2: Answer passage 1 questions
- 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 3: Read passage 2 -> Write down main point + Relationship to passage 1
- 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 4: Answer passage 2 questions
- 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 5: Answer passage 1 and passage 2 relationship questions

𝟐. 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝟐 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐩
- Passage 1 (P1) / Passage 2 (P2): Present 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑤𝑠 of the same topic
- P1/P2: Agree BUT have 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠
- P1/P2: Discuss 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 of the same idea
- P2: Provides an example/ explanation/ solution - P1: describe an idea generally/ discuss a phenomenon/ propose a problem

𝟏. 𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
- This passage is written from the perspective of somebody who is...
- Which choice best describe the structure of the 1ˢᵗ paragraph
- The statement in line x signals a shift from... -> Pay attention to pronouns

𝟐. 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
- Pay attention to pronouns
+ Personally involved (I/ We/ It)
+ Interested observer (Impersonal pronouns)
- Perspective in terms of age or time (fiction passage) -> Pay attention to tense (present/ past)

𝟑. 𝐎𝐫𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐳𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
- Organization of a paragraph -> Skim for important transitions
- Organization of a passage
+ 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 1: Read the end of the Introduction
+ 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 2: Read 1ˢᵗ of each paragraph
+ 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 3: Look for changes in point of view

𝟏. 𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
- What main effect does lines x-y have on the tone of the passage
- The author would most likely view the event described in lines x-y as ...
- The information in lines x-y suggests that the author would view ... with ...

𝟐. 𝐓𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐯𝐬 𝐀𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞
- Tone question : HOW the author say
E.g: (+) approving, appreciative, decisive, emphatic,...
(-) dubious, doubtful, cautious,...
- Attitude question: WHAT the author say
- Lack of strong language -> Neutral tone NOT neutral attitude

𝟑. 𝐀𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞 𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
- The author would most likely view advocates of the theory described in lines x-y with ...
- 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 1: What's the theory in lines x-y -> What does the line reference say?
- 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 2: What does the author believe -> Main idea support OR refute the theory?
- 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 3: What's the relationship -> Positive OR negative
=> Incorrect answers: Extreme positive/negative OR contain words such as indifferent, apathetic, resigned,...

𝟒. 𝐓𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
- Formal passage: Elevated or Lofty
- Informal passage: Informal or Conversational

- First person: Personal/ Informal/ Conversational
- Third person point: Objective/ Neutral analytical

- We: Create a sense of solidarity or unity

𝟏. 𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
- Ask you to from A to B
The passage work as an 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 to support/argue 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡
+ The main purpose of the second paragraph is to ...
+ The quotation/phrase ,etc in line x-y primarily serves to ...
+ The author make the comparison in line x-y in order to

𝟐. 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
- 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 1: Refer to the topic of the passage
- 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 2: Answer by looking at key punctuation
Answer depend on contextual information

𝟑. 𝐏𝐚𝐲 𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
- If the question ask for the purpose of a paragraph -> Read the main point of the paragraph
- The majority of the questions tend to be based on the place in the passage where
+ New information is introduced
+ Ideas come into contact with another
+ There is a change in focus, point of view or tone