06/20/2026
Researchers have identified a host of complex interactions through which lemon balm and its metabolites may operate to produce beneficial effects on psychological well-being, sleep, and cognition. The majority of these actions occur directly in the brain, modulating several neurochemical pathways and signalling molecules, including GABAergic and cholinergic pathways. Several indirect actions, for example, modulating the HPA axis, have additionally been described. More recently, there is also growing evidence highlighting the importance of gut–brain interactions in mediating the beneficial effects of lemon balm. Whilst the potential mechanisms of action outlined below are not exhaustive, they represent a brief summary of the major routes for the biological action of lemon balm.