09/24/2026
Islam's expansion over the centuries
• 7th century: Islam spreads from Arabia into the Levant, Persia, and Egypt after Muhammad’s death (632).
• 8th century: Expansion into Central Asia and across North Africa; entry into Iberia (Spain) in 711.
• 9th–10th centuries: Islamic rule reaches India’s frontier; consolidates over Persia, the Caucasus, and parts of southern Italy.
• 11th century: Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantines (1071); Turkic migration into Anatolia begins.
• 12th–13th centuries: Seljuks dominate Anatolia; regional Islamic states form.
• Late 13th century: Osman I founds the Ottoman state in Anatolia.
• 14th–15th centuries: Ottomans expand into the Balkans; conquer Constantinople in 1453.
• 16th century: Ottomans expand into the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Eastern Europe. The Empire claims the caliphate, unifying much of the Islamic world.
• 17th century: Peak territorial extent; Siege of Vienna (1683) marks the start of gradual territorial retreat.
• 18th century: Decline in military dominance; loss of some European territories.
• 19th century: Ottoman reforms (Tanzimat); continued territorial losses, especially in the Balkans.
• Early 20th century: Further decline; enters World War I (1914) on the side of the Central Powers.
• 1922: The Ottoman Empire is formally dissolved; the Republic of Turkey is established in 1923.
• 1928: The Muslim Brotherhood was formed with the intent to overtake the West through political influence and birth rate. "Ballots over bullets" and "through the wombs of our women"