Al Imra Health Educational Institute Km4

interpretation of abdominal x-ray part 1:

Abdominal x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors and other allied health professionals. Using ABDO X is a helpful and systematic method for abdominal x-ray review:

A: air - where it should and shouldn't be
B: bowel - position, size and wall thickness
D: dense structures, calcification and bones
O: organs and soft tissues
X: external objects and artifacts


Air should only be seen within the lumen of the bowel. Erect chest x-rays are more sensitive than abdominal radiographs to the presence of free intraperitoneal air. Signs of pneumoperitoneum on abdominal radiographs include:

1. falciform ligament sign
2. Rigler sign
3. football sign


Normal small bowel:

is located centrally within the abdomen has folds running across the diameter of the lumen known as the valvulae conniventes usually contains a small volume of air.

Normal large bowel:

is located peripherally has folds that run part of the way across known as the haustral folds usually contains some air or faecal matter.
In the presence of ascites, the bowel loops are clustered centrally.

The 3-6-9 rule refers to an approximate maximum size in centimetres of the small bowel, large bowel and caecum respectively.

Small bowel wall thickening is difficult to appreciate on plain radiography, whereas thickening of the large bowel is represented by thumbprinting.
l


Examine carefully all of the bones visible on abdominal radiographs:

1. lowest ribs
2. vertebral column
3. pelvic bones
4. femoral heads and necks
5. Calcification within organs may be detected - in particular, look carefully for calcified renal tract or gallbladder stones.


Abdominal radiographs are a blunt instrument for critical evaluation of the solid organs but information regarding pathological changes in size may be gleaned. The fat surrounding organs provides an interface which allows their contour to be seen. Remember to examine the lung bases for consolidation (which can cause abdominal pain) and the inguinal regions for signs of herniae.

objects and artifacts
A multitude of medical devices and foreign bodies may be detected on an abdominal radiograph.

Dr: ALTO.

BARASHADA DAAWADA.

◇ISTICMAALKA DAAWADA (Drug Administration)

Daawada waxaa jirka lagu gaarsiiyaa ama waxaa daawada looqaadan karaa uguna caansan 8 hab, waxa eeyna kalayihiin:

1. Afka lagaqaato (oral)

2. In laisku duro (by intravenous injection)

3. In carabka lahoosgaliyo (sublingually)

Ama lataqsiinto (buccally)

4. Indabada lagaliyo/malawadka l(rectally) ama xubinta haweenka (va**na)

5. Isha in lagu shubo (ocular route) ama dhagta lagushubo (oyic route)

6. Sanka lagu shubo(nasal route)

7. Korka lamariyo (Topical)

8. Hawo ahaan looqaato (inhalation)

Midkasta oo qaababka daawada looqaato kamid ah waxa uu leeyahay faaiido gooni ah iyo ujeedo gooni ah.

Xuquuqda isticmalka daawada: waxa jiro right(Xuquuq)badan sidaa darted waxan halkan kuso qadanaynaa qar ka mid ah sida:
bukaanka saxda ah, hubi bukanka magaca iyo qeybta uu joogo
daawada saxda ah, hubi dawoyinka loo qoray
qiyaasta saxda ah, hubi inta uuka qadanayo dawada way ku kala duwayihin caruurta iyo dadka waaweyn sida u ogato wa inad weydisa dhaqtarka hadaysan warqada ku qorneen.
Hab saxda ah, hubi dawada halka laga qadanayo xidid/muruq iwm
Wakhtiga saxda ah

La soco casharada xiga ee barashada daawada mahadsanidin
Medical Lecturer

BARASHADA DAAWADA.

◇ISTICMAALKA DAAWADA (Drug Administration)

Daawada waxaa jirka lagu gaarsiiyaa ama waxaa daawada looqaadan karaa uguna caansan 8 hab, waxa eeyna kalayihiin:

1. Afka lagaqaato (oral)

2. In laisku duro (by intravenous injection)

3. In carabka lahoosgaliyo (sublingually)

Ama lataqsiinto (buccally)

4. Indabada lagaliyo/malawadka l(rectally) ama xubinta haweenka (va**na)

5. Isha in lagu shubo (ocular route) ama dhagta lagushubo (oyic route)

6. Sanka lagu shubo(nasal route)

7. Korka lamariyo (Topical)

8. Hawo ahaan looqaato (inhalation)

Midkasta oo qaababka daawada looqaato kamid ah waxa uu leeyahay faaiido gooni ah iyo ujeedo gooni ah.

Xuquuqda isticmalka daawada: waxa jiro right(Xuquuq)badan sidaa darted waxan halkan kuso qadanaynaa qar ka mid ah sida:
bukaanka saxda ah, hubi bukanka magaca iyo qeybta uu joogo
daawada saxda ah, hubi dawoyinka loo qoray
qiyaasta saxda ah, hubi inta uuka qadanayo dawada way ku kala duwayihin caruurta iyo dadka waaweyn sida u ogato wa inad weydisa dhaqtarka hadaysan warqada ku qorneen.
Hab saxda ah, hubi dawada halka laga qadanayo xidid/muruq iwm
Wakhtiga saxda ah

La soco casharada xiga ee barashada daawada mahadsanidin
Medical Lecturer

TAXANAHA CAAFIMAADKA

1. Toontu waxay ka qayb qaadataa furfurida xidida dhiiga, xoojinta dareenka ragga, dajinta dhiigkarka, ka hortagida gooryaanada iyo sidoo kale dabar goynta xasaasiyada

2. Basashu waxay ka qayb qaadataa yaraynta timaha gurmaya ama daadanaya, yaraynta qufaca iyo neefta, badinta biyaha ragga iyo sidoo kale hagaajinta xusuusta

3. Cuntada oo la daahiyo waxaa ka dhalan kara daal iyo tabaryari murqaha iyo lafaha ah, gaas joogta ah, saxarada oo qofka ku adkaata, timo guran iyo difaaca jirka oo yaraada

4. Yaanyadu wxay ka qayb qaadataa baabi'inta madowga faruuryaha, yaraynta xanuunka xilliga dhiiga, liishaynta maqaarka iyo ka hortagida nabarada afka iyo bishimaha ku dhaca

5. Liin Bambeelmada waxay ka qayb qaadataa soo celinta dhiiga, siyaadinta xusuusta, dajinta neerfaha iyo madaxa, ka hortagida qarowga iyo furfurida xidida dhiiga xilliga qofku hurdaayo

6. Cambuhu wuxuu ka qayb qaataa calooshu inau furanto, saxaradu in ay jilacdo, misaanka qofka in uu si dheeli tiran u yaraado iyo sidoo kale yaranta hindhista iyo caburka sanka

Qodobkee Dareenkaaga Soo Jiitay

LA Wadaag Walaalaha Kale Si Ay Uga Faaiidaystaan . Mahadsanid

Dr. waahiin sabriye

OGEYSIIS MUHIIM AH

Dhamaan Bulshada Ku Dhaqan Magaalada Muqdisho iyo Nawaaxigeeda Waxaa La ogeysiinay In Macadka Al-Imra Educational Institute,Gaar ahaan Qeebtiisa Caafimaadka Uu Bilaabi Doono Koorsooyin Caafimaad,Kuwaasoo isugu Jiro:
1) Barashada Gargaarka Deg Dega.
2) Barashada Sheybaarka.
3) Barashada Cudurada Haweenka.
4) Barashada Quudinta Caruurta.
5) Barashada Daawada

F:G Koorsoiyinka aan kor kusoo Xusnay waxaa ku Baridoona Macalimiin Qibrad u leh Ayagoo kuu Baridoono Hab Casri ah.

𝗛𝗘𝗔𝗠𝗢𝗥𝗥𝗛𝗔𝗚𝗘

Ereyga Heamorrhage waa luqada giriiga micnihiisuna waa dhiig lumid (lost of blood) ama dhiig bax.

Dhiig baxa hadii dibada ku socdo waxaa looya qaan (External Heamorrhage).
Dhiig baxa haddii uu gudaha kusocdo waxaa looyaqaan (Internal Heamorrhage).

Wax yaabaha ugu waa weyn ee keeni kara dhiig bax (main couses of bleeding)
Dhiigbax waxa uu imaan karaa marka ay go’aan sadexdaan xidid midkood:

𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗬
𝗩𝗘𝗜𝗡𝗢𝗨𝗦
𝗖𝗔𝗣𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗔𝗥𝗬

𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗬 Xididadaan halboowlaha waa kuwo hoos jira oo lafta dulsaaran si ay u nabadgalaan.

Artery marka uu go’o ama uu dhaawcmo wxaa ka yimaada dhiig casaan cad leh oo xowli u socda waxaan loo yaqaanaa Arterial Bleeding.

𝗩𝗘𝗡𝗢𝗨𝗦 oo ah xididada arorayaasha marka ay go’aan ama ay dhaawacmaan waxaa ka yimaada dhiig madow waxaana loo yaqaanaa (Veinous bleeding) ama dhiiga aroorayaasha

𝗖𝗔𝗣𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗔𝗥𝗬 oo ah xididada teeftaafyada marka ay go’aan ama ay dhaawacmaan waxaa ka yimaada dhiiga caadi ah oo xowli u socda waxaana loo yaqaanaa (Capillary bleeding) ama dhiiga teeftaafyada.

𝗖𝗔𝗟𝗔𝗔𝗠𝗔𝗗𝗔𝗛𝗔 𝗗𝗛𝗜𝗚 𝗕𝗔𝗫𝗔

Calaamadaha dhiig baxa waxaa ka mid ah

1 Naxdin ama argagax ( Shock)
2 Doorsoon (Pale)
3 Dhidid qabow ah
4 Cadaadiska dhiiga oo hoos u dhaca
5 Garaaca wadnaha oo bata
6 Garaaca wadnaha oo hoos dhaca

Hemorrhage management

Waa in aad baneeysaa meesha dhiig baxeeysa (remove any clothing).

Dhiigga jooji adiga oo faashad nadiifa ama maro nadiif ah dhaawaca ku cadaadinaya. Isha oo kale cadaadis xoogan hasaarin sidookale haddi qofka wax kumudanyihiin hakusii cadaadin, waa in aad dhaawaca geesihiisa cadaadisaa.

Qofka waa in uu ahaadaa mid dhulka yaala.
Dhiig baxa daran waxaa loo adeegsadaa cirbad dhiig joojin (Transamin Inj) ama vitamin k3.

Qofka aadka udhiig baxay, wareeraaya ama shooksan faleenbo ayaa lasiinayaa sida NS infusion.

Haddii uu jiro xanuun daran sii cirbad xanuun joojin ah.

Haddii uu dhaawucu leeyahay wasaq badan ku dhaq NS infusion.
Haddii uu dhaawacu u baahan yahay tolmo waa in latolaa.

Marka aad xireysid dhaawaca haku xirin waxyaabaha ad adag sida siliga iyo waayirka sababtoo ah waxaa roon in la dabciyo nabarka dhaawicii la xirraba 30 daqiiqaba mar si aysan u dhiig waayin inta ka hooseysa ee jirka qofka

Share dheh oo lasii wadaag asxbtaada kale

Sii share gareeya

𝗠𝗲𝗮𝘀𝗹𝗲𝘀 (𝗷𝗮𝗱𝗲𝗲𝗰𝗼)

Cudurkaan jadeecada ah waa mid si aad ah u fido oo dila caruurta gaar ahaan wuxuu
naafeeya sambabada (lungs)

Cudurkan jadeecada waxa uu ugu daran yahay marka uu ku dhaco caruurta tabarta daran

𝗪𝗮𝘅𝗮 𝘀𝗮𝗯𝗮𝗯𝗮

Cudurkani waxaa sababa noole virus ah oo lagu magacaabo (morbilla virus)

𝗜𝗻𝗰𝘂𝗯𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗼𝗱

Xilli huuriska cudurkan waa 10 ilaa 14 maalin

𝗛𝗼𝘄 𝘁𝗼 𝗦𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗱

Cudurkani waxa uu ku fidaa marka caruurta qabta cudurkan ay ku qufacaan ama ay ku
hindhisaan kuwa kale ee caafimaadka qaba ama jeermiska cudurkaan keena oo hawada
la raaciyo. Sidoo kale jadeecadu waxa ay ku fidaa marka caruurta la isla wada seexiyo
ama ay wax wada cunaan.

𝗖𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗣𝗶𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲

1) Cudurkaan waxa uu ku biloowdaa sida hargabka caadiga ah, cunuga waxaa lagu
arkaa qandho iyo cabur.
2) Indhaha oo gaduuta
3) Qufac xoog leh oo lagu arko 3 beri kadib
4) Finan ka soo baxo wejiga
5) Shuban ama fuuq bax mararka qaar ah.
6) Finanka marka h**e waxa ay ka soo baxaan wejiga iyo luqunta kadibna waxay ka soo
baxaan dhegaha gadaashooda ugu danbeyntiina waxay ku faafaan jirka intiisa kale.
7) Cudurkaan wuxuu badanaa ku dhacaa caruurta ay da’doodu u dhexeyso 8 bilood ilaa
5 sano.
8) Cunuga qabo cudurkan waxaa lagu arkaa xumad kor u kaceysa ayadoo maalinta ugu
h**eysa ay gaarto 37.5Co ilaa 38Co maalinta labaad qandhada waxay gaartaa 38.5Co
ilaa 39Co qandhada si tartiib tartiib ah ayey hoos ugu dhacdaa maalinta sedexaad ee
jirada

𝗧𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁

Waa inaad si deg deg ah u geysaa isbitaalka si uu helo nasasho iyo daawo

1) Daaweynta waxaa ka mid ah in la siiyo cabitaan fara badan iyo cunno jilicsan
2) Hadii aad canuga ku aragto calaamadaha dhego xanuunka sii antibiotic
3) Hadii aad ku aragto calaamadaha Oofwareenka ama maskax garaadka (pneumonia or meningitis) ama xanuuno daran ee caloosha ah raadi gargaar dhaqtarnimo oo wanaagsan.

𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻

1) Ka hortaga ugu wanaagsan ee cudurkan waa in la tallaalaa caruurta oo dhan.
2) Cudurkan haddii hal canug lagu arko waa in la tallaalaa caruurta oo dhan.
3) Canuga qaba cudurkan jadeecada waa in laga fogeeyaa caruurta oo dhan..

Dr Armaan

Share dheh oo lasi wadaag asxbtada kale

𝗠𝗲𝗮𝘀𝗹𝗲𝘀 (𝗷𝗮𝗱𝗲𝗲𝗰𝗼)

Cudurkaan jadeecada ah waa mid si aad ah u fido oo dila caruurta gaar ahaan wuxuu
naafeeya sambabada (lungs)

Cudurkan jadeecada waxa uu ugu daran yahay marka uu ku dhaco caruurta tabarta daran

𝗪𝗮𝘅𝗮 𝘀𝗮𝗯𝗮𝗯𝗮

Cudurkani waxaa sababa noole virus ah oo lagu magacaabo (morbilla virus)

𝗜𝗻𝗰𝘂𝗯𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗼𝗱

Xilli huuriska cudurkan waa 10 ilaa 14 maalin

𝗛𝗼𝘄 𝘁𝗼 𝗦𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗱

Cudurkani waxa uu ku fidaa marka caruurta qabta cudurkan ay ku qufacaan ama ay ku
hindhisaan kuwa kale ee caafimaadka qaba ama jeermiska cudurkaan keena oo hawada
la raaciyo. Sidoo kale jadeecadu waxa ay ku fidaa marka caruurta la isla wada seexiyo
ama ay wax wada cunaan.

𝗖𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗣𝗶𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲

1) Cudurkaan waxa uu ku biloowdaa sida hargabka caadiga ah, cunuga waxaa lagu
arkaa qandho iyo cabur.
2) Indhaha oo gaduuta
3) Qufac xoog leh oo lagu arko 3 beri kadib
4) Finan ka soo baxo wejiga
5) Shuban ama fuuq bax mararka qaar ah.
6) Finanka marka h**e waxa ay ka soo baxaan wejiga iyo luqunta kadibna waxay ka soo
baxaan dhegaha gadaashooda ugu danbeyntiina waxay ku faafaan jirka intiisa kale.
7) Cudurkaan wuxuu badanaa ku dhacaa caruurta ay da’doodu u dhexeyso 8 bilood ilaa
5 sano.
8) Cunuga qabo cudurkan waxaa lagu arkaa xumad kor u kaceysa ayadoo maalinta ugu
h**eysa ay gaarto 37.5Co ilaa 38Co maalinta labaad qandhada waxay gaartaa 38.5Co
ilaa 39Co qandhada si tartiib tartiib ah ayey hoos ugu dhacdaa maalinta sedexaad ee
jirada

𝗧𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁

Waa inaad si deg deg ah u geysaa isbitaalka si uu helo nasasho iyo daawo

1) Daaweynta waxaa ka mid ah in la siiyo cabitaan fara badan iyo cunno jilicsan
2) Hadii aad canuga ku aragto calaamadaha dhego xanuunka sii antibiotic
3) Hadii aad ku aragto calaamadaha Oofwareenka ama maskax garaadka (pneumonia or meningitis) ama xanuuno daran ee caloosha ah raadi gargaar dhaqtarnimo oo wanaagsan.

𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻

1) Ka hortaga ugu wanaagsan ee cudurkan waa in la tallaalaa caruurta oo dhan.
2) Cudurkan haddii hal canug lagu arko waa in la tallaalaa caruurta oo dhan.
3) Canuga qaba cudurkan jadeecada waa in laga fogeeyaa caruurta oo dhan..

Dr Armaan

Share dheh oo lasi wadaag asxbtada kale

𝗧𝗶𝗶𝗯𝗶𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗱𝗮 𝗸𝘂 𝗱𝗵𝗮𝗰𝗱𝗼 𝘅𝘂𝗯𝗶𝘁𝗮 𝘁𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗸𝗮

Xubinta taranka oo tiibisho ku dhacda sida Minka, Waa infaction ku dhaca meelo badan oo jirka kamid ah balse midka ku dhaca makaanka iyo tubooyinka, waxay xiraan tubooyika ilma galeenka taasoo keenta ugu danbeentii hooyada uur qaadiweyso,

TB ku dhacda xubinta taranka badanaa lama dareemo ilaa uu qofkaas uu mudo dhali waayo ama baritaan lagu sameen waayo

TB xubinta taranka badanaa waxaa lagu arkaa qof h**ey TB uqabay ama ay ku dhacday taas oo keenta in jirka intiisa kale ay ugu gudubto sida minka, kiliyaha, iyo lafaha

Calaamdaha lagu garto

Caado wareer
Dhalmo la aan
Xanuun qeybta hoose ah
Dhecaan ka yimaada xubinta taranka
Galmada kadib oo dhiig yimaada

TB Xubinta taranka ku dhacda wuxuu ubaahan yahay in xili h**e la daaweeyo hadii uu ku daaho wuxuu ku sababi karaa in ay tubooyinka minka ay xirmaan

𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗱𝗵𝗲𝗵 𝗼𝗼 𝗹𝗮𝘀𝗶 𝘄𝗮𝗱𝗮𝗮𝗴 𝗔𝘀𝘅𝗯𝘁𝗮𝗱𝗮 𝗸𝗮𝗹𝗲

HALISTA MARAQ-DIGAAGA

waxaan ka hadlayaa maanta mawduuc muhiim u ah qoys walba oo soomaaliyeed inay wax ka ogaadaan, wuxuu ku saabsan yahay caafimaadkaaga iyo midka qoyskaaga, dhibaatadaas oo ay dhici karto inay jikada kuu taallo, waa "maraq digaaga" lagu daro suugada cunnada lagu cuno.

Maraq digaagu aad ayay soomaalida u isticmaashaa waxayna ku darsadaan suugada si loogu carfiyo, dhanaane loogu yeelo, shirkadaha sameeyo maraq digaaga ay badanaa soomaalidu isticmaasho waa: "Maggi", "Oxo" "Jumbo", "Knorr" iyo "CalNort".

Talow ma isweydiisay, Muxuu maraq digaaga ka samaysan yahay? Muxuuse dhibaato leeyahay?

Xaqiiqada ugu h**eyso waxay tahay in aan maraq digaaga laga samaynin "Maraq Digaag", taasi waxaa sii dheer in laga sameeyay waxyaabo caafmaadka u daran oo halis ku galin karo waxaana ka mid ah:
Cusbo: Waxa ugu badan ee maraq digaaga uu ka samaysan yahay waa cusbo weliba xad dhaaf ah.
Dufan: Waxaa ku xiga waa dufan loo yaqaano "trans fat" oo la ogyahay halista ay wadnaha u leedahay maadaama xididada yaryar ee wadnaha xirto.


"MSG": Maadadaan waa waxa ugu qatarsan ee ku jiro maraq digaaga, maraykanku waxay u yaqaanaa "slow killing poison" oo macnaheedu yahay "suntii sida aayarka ah wax u dilaysay", cilmibaarisyo kala duwan oo lagu sameeyay maadadaan "MSG" oo maraq digaaga ka buuxdo waxaa la ogaaday inay keento cudurka Goon-jabka, Dhiigkarka, Boogaha gaaska "Ulcer", Beer xanuunka, Hilmaanka / Foojignaan la'aanta iyo xanuun loo yaqaano "Fibromyalgia" oo soomalida ku soo badanayo sanadahaan dambe,
MSG waxaa laga soo gaabiyay "monosodium glutamate"

Lafo digaag: Markii shirkada "Maggi" ay bilaabaysay samaynta maraq digaaga, waxay ku dari jireen lafo digaag oo la shiiday ama hilib la shiiday, waxaana la dhihi jiray wuxuu galayaa badalka digaaga ma hilibka aad suugada ku darsatid, laakiin waayahaan dambe laguma daro oo waxaa intaa dheer toon, filfil iyo wayxaabo kale oo carfis ah oo shirkaduhu ku kala duwanaan karaan.

Waxay cilmibaarayaashu ku taliyaan in badalka maraq digaagaan suuqyada ganacsiga loo keenay in aad si dabiici ah ku carafsan kartid suugadaada sidii awalba ay soomaalida taqaanay, kabsarcaleenta, toonta, filfisha, xawaajiga iyo wixii la mid ah.

Haddii kale inta aad digaag karsato, maraqa ka miiro oo carfiso, kadibne qaboojiyaha gasho oo maalintii aad wax dallacanayso xoogaa yar ku darso suugada.

Ogow waxaa jiro shirkado aanan ka fakaraynin caafimaadkaaga oo jeebkaaga ku tiirsan, wixii cusub oo aadan aqoon u lahayn baaris ku samee inta aadan isticmaalin.

Lawadaag Asxaabtaada oo u SHARE garee gaarsiina Qoyskaada isticmaala Maraq-Digaaga qataryiisa ama halkaan ugu wac mid ama labo qof oo aad u isticmaala.
Somalidoc

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