Somali geologist association

Qeybtii 1-Aad (somali & english)

Biyaha somalia

Cutubkan waxaan idiinku soo gudbin doonnaa khariidado ku saabsan biyaha dusha iyo kuwa gudaha, habka waraabka, daadadka iyo hanaanka biyo siinta magaalooyinka.

Biyaha laga helo dusha sare waxaa loo qaybin karaa biyo-shubyada hoos ku xusan kuwaasoo mara dhul baaxaddiisa guud ay dhan tahay 1.3 million km2 oo in ka badan bar ay tahay meelo ka baxsan dalka:
1)Gacanka Cadan;
2)Aagga dooxada Darroor;
3) Biyo-degga Togdheer iyo Nugaal;
4) Biyo-degga Ogaden iyo midka gobollada dhexe; 5) Biyo-degga shabeele;
6) Biyo-degga Jubba ;
7) Biyo-degga Lagdera ;
8)Biyo- degga Lag Badanna,Biy-degga xeebaha;

Wabiga shabeelle waxa uu ku darsamaa wabiga Jubba inta uuna ku darsamin Badweynta Hindiya (meel wax yar waqooyi ka xigta Kismaayo), laakiinse qaab fatahaad ayay biyaha Wabi Shabeele ku gaaraan wabiga Jubba waana dhif. Sidoo kale biyaha ka yimaada Lagdera waa kuwo yimaadda oo kaliya marka ay roobab badani da’ayaan kadibna waxay ku darsamaan wabiga Jubba.Sidaas darteed, Farsamo ahaan, Shabeele iyo Lagdera labaduba waxay biyogeeyaan Juba.

Wabiga Shabeelle waa wabi si wacan u socda taaso macneheedu yahay in biyihiisu caadi ahaan ku maraan dhul ka sarreeya oogada daad mareenka ah ee ku hareeraysan. Wabiga Jubba waa mid ay biyihiisu caadi ahaan ku maraan dhulka ka hooseeya oogada daad mareenka ah ee ku teedsan, sidaas awgeed ayaa fatahaadu ugu badan tahay wabiga Shabeele.

Wagii h**e socodka biyaha waa la maarayn jiray. Qaababaka lagu maareyn jiray socodka biyaha waxaa ka mid ahaa kaabayaal lagu habeynayo hanaanka waraabka laguna kaydinayo biyaha wabiga,biyo xireenka Faanoole waa midka kaliya ee laga hirgeliyay wabiga Jubba, wabiga Shabeele waxaa laga hirgeliyay biyoxireeno dhawr ah oo ay ka mid yihiin Saabuun, Janaale, Mashallay, Qoryoole, Falkero , Kuntuwaarrey Sablaale iyo Hawaay.

Hanaanka lagula socdo xaddiga biyaha ayaa laga hirgeliyay labada wabi ee Jubba iyo Shabeelle. Ka hor sanadkii 1991 macluumaadka ku saabsan xaddiga socodka biyaha wabiga waxaa lagala socon karayay 7 barood oo ah wabiga Jubba iyo 7 barood oo wabiga Shabeelle ah ku yaal. Hadda 4 kaliya unbaa ka shaqeysa dhamaan barahaas (2 ku yaal wabiga Jubba iyo 2 ku yaal Wabiga Shabeelle)
Hanaanka la socodka biyaha labada webi waaxuu qeexayaa in heerka biyuhu yaraanayaan oo socodka biyahu is dhimayo marka hoos u sii socodo taasoo muujinaysa nidaamka biyo ka baxa qararka wabiyada ama qaabab kale oo biyaha lagu xirto

Biyo kadegyada ku yaal gobolada dhexe iyo kuwa waqooyi ee dalka waa kuwo cimri gaaban, roobka da’aana isla markiiba si dhaqso ah ayuu kaga luma si ah in dhulku liqo ama si uumi bax ah.

Qaalibka dhacdooyinka daadadku waa kuwa ka jira dooxooyinka. waxaa kaloo jira togag yaryar gaar ahaan gobolada buuraleyda ee dhanka waqooyi kuwaasoo ku biya shuba meelo jeexdimo ah.

Togagga waxaa ka jirta isdhexgal ka dhex dhaca biyaha dhulka ku jira iyo kuwa sare maxaa yeelay waxaa mararka qaarkood dhacda inay is dhexgalaan labada hanaan.

Gobolada buuraleyda waqooyiga waxaa kaloo ay caan ku yihiin durdurada dabiiciga ah halkaasoo dhagaxyada aan biyuhu ka dusi karin ay kala jeexaan salka biyaha dhulka. Biyaha sare waa kuwo mara togagga

Water of Somali

In this chapter, maps and data on surface- and ground-water, irrigation, floods, and urban water supply are presented. The surface waters of the country can be subdivided in the following drainage basins, that sum an area of about 1.3 million km2, of which more than half is outside the country:
1) Gulf of Aden basin;
2) Darror basin; 3) Tug Der/ Nugal basin;
4) Ogaden/Central basin;
5) Shabelle basin;
6) Juba basin;
7) Lag Dera basin;
8)Lag Badana basin; Coastal basin.

The Shabelle River joins the Juba before this flows into the Indian Ocean (just north of Kysimayo), but it is only in occasion of large floods, which are rare, that the Shabelle waters reach the Juba River. Similarly, waters from seasonal rivers like Lag Dera occur only during extreme rains and it is very rare that they join the Juba River. Hence, technically, both Shabelle and Lag Dera Rivers are tributaries of Juba. The Shabelle is an aggraded river, meaning that its waters normally flow for most part of its reach at a higher elevation than the surrounding floodplain. The Juba is a river where the waters normally flow at a lower level than the floodplain. The Shabelle is thus more prone to flooding.

The river waters were largely regulated in the past. This was done by means of major storage irrigation infrastructure including river barrages: the Fanoole Barrage is the only barrage identified on the Juba River. Sabuun, Janaale, Mashalley, Qoryoole, Falkeroo, Kurtunwareey, Sablaale and Hawai were all operating along the Shabelle River.

Systematic river gauging was, and is, carried out only in the two perennial rivers Shabelle and Juba. Before 1991 stream flow data were available for 7 stations on the Juba River and 7 on the Shebelle River. At the present moment only four river gauging stations are in operation (two on the Juba and two on the Shabelle).

The main hydrographic characteristic of these two rivers is that they lose flow and load as they proceed downstream, thus testifying some sort of spillage from the embankments or other forms of water extraction along the river course.

The drainage basins in the central and northern regions of the country are only ephemeral. The very little surface runoff and rainfall falling in the basins are mostly lost through infiltration and evaporation. The majority of flash-floods events are localized in these types of streams.

There are however some short streams (toggas) especially in the mountainous regions in the north that have flow through out the year in some stretches. There is a complex surface water-groundwater interaction along the toggas, whereby in some stretches there is surface runoff and in others there is mostly sub- surface interflows and recharging of groundwater aquifers.

Natural springs are also common in the mountainous regions of the north where some impermeable rock outcrops intersect the groundwater tables. Sub-surface flows along the toggas and groundwater available in springs (mountainous areas) and in shallow and deep aquifers are an important source of water for people and livestock living in these drainage basins. Catchments rainwater harvesting through wars and berkads is also here prevalent.

The alluvial plains of the Juba and Shabelle Rivers have been and potentially still are the food basket of the country. Here fruit, cereals and vegetables were extensively cropped, occupying nearly 90% of the entire population.

They had and still have considerable potential for irrigation development, as demonstrated by the large and medium irrigation schemes (accounting for some hundreds of kilometres of canals) here developed in the past.

Credit by : Swallim

QUARRY SITES AND ITS PRODUCTS
Quarries and their products
Quarry: is place where rock is separated from its natural beds and processed for use in construction.
Quarrying is the process of breaking and obtaining stones from their natural rock out crops.

Types of quarries & The controlling factor for selection of quarry site
There are two types of quarries: Open and under ground quarries. Open quarries may be shelf quarries, where the rock is extracted from hillside, or pit quarries, underground quarries are those in which the rock is extracted from a certain depth in the ground. Quarry products are dimension stone, crushed stone, and broken stone (riprap).
The controlling factor for selection of quarry site:
The search of rock material for building stone, crushed rock, or riprap is controlled by factors (1) quality (2) supply of the material (quantity) and (3) economics of production and delivery.

1.Quality
Rock for dimension stone must be free of cracks, uniform texture, attractive color, and in some cases capable of taking a polish. Crushed stone and riprap must have satisfactory strength, soundness, and low water sorption. Particularly rock selected for riprap should be roughly squared and reasonably flat faced. Values of specific gravity of 2.6 and higher are preferred because the rock has to be resistant for wave action etc.
2.Supply
The rock supply of a quarry generally is estimated in tones. For dimension and crushed stone operations, the supply should be sufficient for about 20 years if initial expense and costs are to be justified. For riprap quarries economically feasible operations usually is possible even if the supply is only sufficient for the immediate use on the structure.

3.Economic factor
One of the most important factors, which may make the operation economically prohibitive, is the cost of transportation of the product to the place of consumption. This is provided that populated areas should be at safe distance.
Quarrying methods
Quarrying is done by one of the following 4 methods after investigation of its quality, quantity and economic benefit.

i).Excavating ii).Wedging iii).Heating iv.Blasting.

i) Excavating: This method is employed when stones to be quarried are lying buried in earth or are under loose overburden before excavating.
Cut and grade the access road to the sit
Cut an access road to the area, which will become the head, or top, of the quarry face.

Carry out the initial leveling and grading of the area.
Remove at least sufficient over burden to allow an early start on developing the largest practicable rock face.
After these arrangements Shovels, Pick. Axes, Hammers and Chisels etc. are made ready to use in the excavation work.

ii) Wedging: This method is suitable for quarrying soft stratified rocks. The operation is started near a vertical face. In this method steel wedge is hammered in to the rock to create cracks into which steel bars are inserted and the stone blocks are separated.

If vertical face is absent, cutting or boring channel or drilled holes create a vertical face by power drilling machines. To separate big blocks of proper dimensions, lifting crane, plugs, steel hammers (sledgehammers) are used in drilled holes.
iii) Heating: This method is suitable where only small blocks of more or less regular shape are required and suitable rocks bedded in horizontal layers, which have not much thickness to be quarried.

This method consists of filing a heap of fuel on small area of the exposed rock face and burning a steady fire for some hours. Because of uneven heating to top and bottom layers, the rock masses separate themselves along the joint with some sound.
Iv Blasting: It is the quarrying of stones using explosives. The purpose of blasting for the quarrying is to loosen large masses of rocks and not to violently blowup the whole rock mass into pieces.

GEOLOGY DISCIPLINES PART ONE

The branch of geography that studies and classifies climates.

The branch of mineralogy that deals with crystalline matter, forms, structures and properties of the crystals and their classification.

Science between geology and biology that studies soil formation, classification and dynamics.

The branch of geology that studies, explains, etc. sedimentary rocks with regard to the adjacent ones with respect to their temporal relationship and correlation with other close or distant units.

The branch of geology that studies and applies rock dating methods. It has two branches: relative and absolute dating.

The branch of geology that deals with geologic processes, actions and results of relief modification caused by both external geologic agents (wind, precipitation…) or internal (volcanism, seismicity, orogeny. ) It is divided into two branches: external and internal geodynamics. Next day part,2

Important Question And Answer:
Civil - Engineering Geology -
Mineralogy
PLEASE READ SHARE
IT'S VERY IMPORTANT

1) Define mineralogy.
It is defined as naturally occurring
inorganic solid substance that is
characterized with a definite chemical
composition and very often with a definite
atomic structure. It is a branch of geology,
which deals with the various aspects
related to minerals such as their individual
properties their mode of formation and
mode of occurrence.
2) How are minerals are identified and
what are the symmetry elements of
crystal?
Their colour, streak, hardness,
cleavage, crystal form, specific gravity and
lustre generally identify minerals. The
symmetry elements are:
i) Plane of symmetry
ii) Axis of symmetry
iii) Centre of Symmetry
3) What are the physical properties of
minerals?
The physical properties are:
i) Colour
ii) Lustre
iii) Streak
iv) Hardness
v) Cleavage
vi) Fracture
vii) Tenacity
viii) Structure
ix) Specific gravity
x) Form
xi) Miscellaneous
4) Define streak.
Streak is the colour of the finely
powdered mineral as obtained by
scratching or rubbing the mineral over a
rough unglazed porcelain plate. The plate
often named as streak plate. It is important
and diagnostic property of many coloured
minerals.
5) What is mean by fracture and types
of fracture?
The appearance of the broken
surface of a mineral in a direction other
than that of cleavage is generally
expressed by the term fracture. The types
are:
i) Even
ii) Uneven
iii) Conchoidal
iv) Splintry
v) Hackly
vi) Earthy
7) Define Planes/axis/Centre of
symmetry.
Plane of symmetry:
It divides a crystal into similar and
similarly placed halves. This plane
provides crystal so that one half is the
mirror image of the other.
Axis of symmetry:
If is a crystal one being rotated,
come to occupy the same position in space
more than one in a complete turn, the axis
about which rotation taken place is called
an axis of symmetry.
Centre of symmetry:
A crystal has a centre of symmetry
when like faces; edges are arranged in
pairs in corresponding positions on
opposite sides of a central point. The cube
and bricks obviously have centre of
symmetry.
9) What is mean by holohedral form?
The maximum symmetry elements
of the system. The form is having all the
faces, which have same position with
regard to the crystallographic axis. The
highest symmetry elements of the system.
The forms present in normal class of the
system are holohedral form since it has the
maximum symmetry elements than the
other classes.
10) Define hexagonal system.
All those crystals, which can be
referred to four crystallographic
axes of which three axes
are horizontal, equal interchangeable and
intersecting each other at 120 between
the positive ends. The fourth axes are
vertical and at right angles to the three
horizontal axes, are grouped under
hexagonal system.
11) Give the physical properties and
uses of mica?
The mica group only muscovite and biotite
are of common occurrence as rock forming
minerals.
S.no properties muscovite biotite
1 Colour Transparent, g*y or light
brown Brown to black
2 Streak Uncoloured Same as
colour
3 Cleavage perfect perfect
4 Lustre Vitreous Vitreous
5 Hardness 2-2-5 2-2-5
6 Specific gravity 2.8-3.1
2.6-3.1
7 System Monoclinic Monoclinic
12) What are the chemical compositions
in feldspar group?
The feldspars are chiefly
aluminosilicates of Na, K and Ca with
following general formula:
WZ4O8
In which = Na, K, Ca ad Ba and Z = Si and
Al
Some examples of chemical composition of
feldspar minerals are
i) Na Al Sio3 O8 ii) K Al Sio3
O8 iii) Ca Al2 Si2O8
13) Mention the various types of forms?
Any group of similar faces showing
identical mathematical relations with
crystallographic axes makes a form. Forms
are further distinguished into the following
types:
a) Holohedral form
b) Hemihedral form
c) Hemimorphic form
d) Enantiomorphic form
e) Fundamental form
f) Open and closed form
14) What are the five symmetry
classes in Isometric system?
The types are:
a) Axes of symmetry: 13 in all
3 are axes of four-fold symmetry
4 are axes of three-fold symmetry
6 are axes two fold of symmetry
b) Planes of Symmetry : 9 in all
3 planes of symmetry are at right
angles to each other and are
termed the principal planes;
6 planes f symmetry are diagonal
in position and bisect the angles
between the principal planes.
15) Define tetragonal system?
The tetragonal system includes all
those crystals, which can be referred to
three crystallographic axes so that two
axes are equal, interchangeable and
horizontal in positions. The third axis is
either longer or shorter than the other two
and is vertical in position and all three
axes are mutually at right angles to each
other.
16) Give the three types of
pyramid.
Three types of pyramid:
i) Pyramid of first order:
eight faces; each face cuts the
two horizontal axis at equal
length besides intersecting the
vertical axis.
ii) Pyramid of second order:
Eight faces; each face cuts only
one of the two horizontal axes.
iii) Pyramid of third order: It is
also called ditetragonal pyramid
is a closed form of 16 faces in
which each face cuts all the
three crystallographic axes.
17) What are the forms allowed in
monoclinic system?
The forms are:
Pinacoids
a) a- pinacoid
b) b-pinacoid
c) c-pinacoid
ii) Domes
a) Orthodome
b) Clinodome
iii) Prims
a) Unit prism
b) Orthoprism
c) Clinoprism
iv) Pyramids
a) Unit pyramid
b) Orthopyramid
c) Clino pyramid
18) Write short notes on:
i) Twin plane
ii) Twin axis
Twin plane:
It is a common to both the halves
of the crystal and across which one half
may appear to be the reflection of the
other. Any pale parallel to a crystal face
may be a twin plane.
Twin axis:
It is a crystallographic direction
along which a rotation of some degrees
seems to have produced the resultant
twins. In other words if a backward
rotation to the same extent is possible to
be given the two parts should take the
form of a singe crystal.
19) What is the common twin law in
Hexagonal system?
The laws are:
A.Brazillian Law : In this law the prism of
II order is twin plane.
B.Dauphine law: In this law c-axis is the
twinning axis. Twins are generally
intergrown
C.Japanese law: It contact twins result on
this law in which pyramid is a twinning
plane.

The different rock types which are used for building stones and their characteristic.

1.Granites
Granites are plutonic igneous rocks, which have high crushing
strength, durability and weight. They have low porosity, pleasing pink, and gray colors and takes good polish.

They are used for the construction of massive masonry required in heavy civil engineering works like dams, bridges, retaining walls, harbor and etc
Granite stones are also used for architectural works, ornamental works and face coverings
Buildings, which are facing to sea and exposed to dusty winds, are built by granite because of its compactness and hardness due to the presence of Silica.
Granites are also used in the constructions in the industrial towns, since acids, flumes and smoke do not affect granite.
Granite is also used as road metal and as aggregate for concrete making because of its hardness. Toughness and resistance to abrasion. (Toughness is the resistance to impact forces).
2. Gneiss

Gneiss is high-grade metamorphosed form of Granite. It has high crushing strength, durability and weight. It is also used for the construction of heavy engineering structures like Dams, Bridges etc.

3.Basalts and Dolerites

They are fine-grained igneous rocks, which are basic in composition. They make excellent road metal ad aggregate for concrete because of their high crushing strength.
They are not commonly used as building stone because of their dull and unpleasant color, eventhough they have easy workability and durability.
4.Sandstones

Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock.
Well-cemented sandstones are good building stones. They are used both in building masonry and as flagstones. (I.e. facing stones) used for ornamental works.
Fine-grained sandstone is used for buildings, which face to sea and exposed to dusty winds because of their compactness and hardness due to presence of silica,
Compact sandstone is used in fire resistance construction since they have better fire resistance
Sandstone is also for making Ballast for constructing railway track.
5.Quartzite
Quartzite is metamorphosed sandstone.
Quartzite is not used as building stones since its workability is difficult due to its extreme hardness. However quartzite broken stone is used as road metal. As aggregate for concrete making, and as ballast for railway track.
Pure and white quartzite is used in glass making industry.

6.Limestone and marble

Limestone is non-clastic sedimentary rock
Marble is metamorphosed limestone
Due to homogenous texture, easy workability and pleasing colors, limestone and marble are used for building and ornamental works
Compact limestone is also used for ballast along railway track
Lime stone is also used in the cement making industry
Slates

7.Slates are metamorphosed form of shale
Slates can be split easily into thin and smooth slabs. Hence they are chiefly used for roofing, flooring (or paving) in buildings.
Slates and marbles slabs also used in the electrical industry for making electrical switch boards since they have poor electrical conductivity, and they can be easily cut into any shape and size. Also they take very fine polish.

GEOLOGY DISCIPLINES ( PART ONE)

The branch of geography that studies and classifies climates.

The branch of mineralogy that deals with crystalline matter, forms, structures and properties of the crystals and their classification.

Science between geology and biology that studies soil formation, classification and dynamics.

The branch of geology that studies, explains, etc. sedimentary rocks with regard to the adjacent ones with respect to their temporal relationship and correlation with other close or distant units.

The branch of geology that studies and applies rock dating methods. It has two branches: relative and absolute dating.

The branch of geology that deals with geologic processes, actions and results of relief modification caused by both external geologic agents (wind, precipitation…) or internal (volcanism, seismicity, orogeny. ) It is divided into two branches: external and internal geodynamics.

HELLO EVERY GEOLOGIST AROUND THE WORLD

HERE NOTE: IGNEOUS ROCKS

1. All igneous rocks cool and crystallize from magma or lava, or consolidate from pyroclastic materials
a. Magma is molten rock below the surface
b. Lava is molten material on the surface
c. Pyroclastic materials are particles such as volcanic ash and “bombs”
d. Typically occurs at subduction or divergent plate boundaries
2. Intrusive igneous rocks form from magma that cools inside openings or cracks beneath the Earth’s surface.
a. Also called "plutonic" rock
3. Extrusive (or volcanic) igneous rocks form from lava that cools on the Earth’s surface
4. Examples of igneous rocks
a. Basalt
i. Most common extrusive igneous rock
ii. Forms ocean floors
iii. Very dense
b. Granite
i. Most common intrusive igneous rock
ii. Cools more slowly than extrusive rock, so it has more time to grow larger crystals (grains)
iii. Less dense then basalt
c. Pumice
i. Very porous, frothy volcanic obsidian (amorphic volcanic glass)
ii. Hardened foam that floats on water
d. Obsidian
i. Volcanic glass forms when lava solidifies so quickly that crystals do not have time to growl

RAMADAN KARIM TO ALL MUSLIMS

ROCK DRILLING AND TYPES OF ROCK DRILLING

HAPPY GEOLOGIST DAY FOR ALL

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