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Imām Abū Ḥanīfa was approached by the Umayyads to be their judge. He refused and spent ten days in jail, being lashed ten times each day. After the revolution, the Abbasid Caliph approached him to become his Chief Judge. The following discussion ensued:

Caliph: I want you to become my Chief Judge.

Imām Abū Ḥanīfa: The truth is that I am not qualified.

Caliph: Liar! You are the most qualified one in the land!

Imām Abū Ḥanīfa: You yourself admitted that I am not qualified.

Caliph: And when did I say that?

Imām Abū Ḥanīfa: Just now. You accused me of lying. A liar cannot be a chief judge. And if you say it was merely an expression and that in fact I am truthful, then you must accept my statement that I am not qualified.

Such was the brilliance of Imām al-A'dham.

Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi's discovery changed the way we look at the stars in the sky. The lunar crater "Azophi" and the minor planet "12621 Alsufi" are named after him.

Al-Sufi published "Book of Fixed Stars (كتاب صور الكواكب)" in 964 CE. The book is one of the most important medieval Arabic treatises on astronomy and contains an extensive star catalog, which lists star coordinates and magnitude estimates, as well as detailed star charts.

Al-Sufi was the first astronomer to describe the nebulosity of the nebula in Andromeda in his book of constellations. He identified more than one hundred new stars which he mentioned in his commentaries on the constellation. For each constellation, he gave a detailed discussion of the individual stars.

He also contributed to the building of an important observatory in the city of Shiraz as well as constructing many astronomical instruments such as astrolabes and celestial globes.

His influence reverberated throughout history reaching as far as the end of the 19th century. His work was used by many other astronomers that came soon after him, including Ulugh Beg (d. 1449), the famous Timurid king and astronomer.

More than a millennium later, Al-Sufi's keen observations and detailed work still inform our view of the night sky.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azophi_(crater)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12621_Alsufi

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Some view that- the Italian philosopher Vico (1668-1744) as the founder of historical philosophy and others praised the French philosopher Montesquieu (1689-1755).

Indeed the Arab philosopher and historian ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) was the first pioneer to discover that history, like any other science, requires research. "It is a science of events and events and its causes are profound, so it is an ancient part of wisdom and deserves to be one of its sciences."

Ibn Khaldun was an Arab social scientist, philosopher, and historian who founded the modern studies of historiography, sociology, economics, and democracy. Niccolò Machiavelli of the Renaissance and 19th-century European scholars widely accepted the value of his works and considered Ibn Khaldun to be one of the greatest philosophers of the Middle Ages.

His most famous book, Muqaddimah or Prolegomena, which he wrote in six months as he wrote in his autobiography, influenced 17th-century Ottoman historians such as Kâtip Çelebi, Ahmed Cevdet Pasha, and Mustafa Naima, who used their ideas to analyze the rise and fall of the Ottoman Empire. Ibn Khaldun also interacted with Tamerlane, founder of the Timurid Kingdom.