Iqbal chemist

01/02/2023

*Primary alcohol oxidized in the presence of strong oxidizing agents like(K2Cr2O7, KMnO4) due to the presence of alpha hydrogen.

* In the case of primary alcohol there are 2 or 3 apha hydrogens are available for oxidation, so its oxidation is quite easy.

*Secondry alcohol oxidized under severe condition. Because only one alpha hydrogen available for oxidation.

*Tertiary alcohol cannot oxidized due to lack of alpha hydrogen.

01/02/2023

*Primary alcohol easily oxidized in the presence of strong oxidizing agents(potassium dichromate or potassium per-mangnate) to form aldehyde due to having alpha hydrogen(hydrogen attached to alpha carbon)
On further oxidation of aldehyde form carboxalic acid.
*The oxidation of aldehyde to carboxalic acid is easy as compare to oxidation of alcohol to aldehyde therefore, oxidation of aldehyde may be take place in the presence of mild oxidizing agents like Tolen's reagent, Fehling's reagent etc.

28/12/2022

Some Gerneral information about metals

12/12/2022

*Reactions of Alcohol:
Alcohol has two polar bonds due to which
Alcohol give two type of reactions:
*Reaction in which C----O bond breaks
*Reaction in which O-----H bond breaks.
When nucleophile attacks C----O bond breaks and form a carbocation intermediate.
*When electrophile attacks O-----H bond breaks and form a new product.

Reactivity order:
*When Nucleophile attacks
Tertiary alcohol > Secondry alcohol > Primary alcohol
Tertiary alcohol give faster reaction due to having stable carbocation intermediate.
More stable is the carbocation intermediate faster will be the reaction

*When electrophile attacks:
Primary alcohol > Secondry alcohol > tertiary alcohol.

*Alcohol is acidic in nature due to the presence of acidic hydrogen(O-----H)

*OH is base due to presence of lone pair of electrons
*OH is also a nucleophile due to having negative charge.

06/12/2022

Grignard reagent(R-Mg-Br) reacts with compounds having Acidic Hydrogen(hydrogen is attached to highly electronegative atom such as O,N,S etc) to give alkane.

03/12/2022

13/10/2022

I've just reached 300 followers! Thank you for continuing support. I could never have made it without each one of you. 🙏🤗🎉

08/10/2022

Concept of chemical bonding video animation, very helpful video for beginners, watch and like the page

06/10/2022

Must watch, The concept of acid and base video animation.

05/10/2022

05/10/2022

Ozone (O3) is a molecule made up of three atoms of oxygen (O), and is mostly found in the strato- sphere, where it protects us from the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Although it represents only a tiny fraction of the atmosphere, ozone is crucial for life on Earth.
The importance of ozone is defined by the fact that it protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun. The ozone layer is found in the upper regions of the stratosphere where it protects the earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun.

03/10/2022

Single beam spectrophotometer:

Single beam spectrophotometers determine color by measuring the intensity of the light sources before versus after a test sample is inserted.
There is only one light beam or optical path from the source to a detector.
A single beam of radiation pass through the single cell, the reference cell is used to set the absorbance at zero for the wavelength to be studied, it is then replaced by a sample cell to determine the absorbance of sample at that wavelength this was the earliest design but still in use in both teaching and industrial labs.