Spoken English and vocabulary with ZH

I will .......... happy if you want to be my friend
be // been // bee

Here are some motivational quotes for life lessons:

1. "Believe you can and you're halfway there." - Theodore Roosevelt
2. "It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop." - Confucius
3. "Success is not final, failure is not fatal: It is the courage to continue that counts." - Winston Churchill
4. "Don't watch the clock; do what it does. Keep going." - Sam Levenson
5. "You miss 100% of the shots you don't take." - Wayne Gretzky
6. "I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work." - Thomas Edison
7. "Keep your eyes on the stars, and your feet on the ground." - Theodore Roosevelt
8. "Life is 10% what happens to you and 90% how you react to it." - Charles R. Swindoll
9. "You are never too old to set another goal or to dream a new dream." - C.S. Lewis
10. "The only way to do great work is to love what you do." - Steve Jobs

I hope these quotes inspire and motivate you to tackle life's challenges!
Spoken English and vocabulary with ZH Daniel Jonah U Kang Lin

| 27.03.2024

1. EXCURSION (VERB): cruise
Synonyms: expedition, jaunt
Antonyms: halt, stop
Example Sentence: Our island excursion of Honduras was filled with touring the landmarks.

2. UNFEIGNED (ADJECTIVE): original
Synonyms: genuine, real
Antonyms: pretentious, counterfeit
Example Sentence: The reality show was completely unfeigned and free of scripted fights.

3. CRAVING (NOUN): strong desire
Synonyms: appetite, hankering
Antonyms: disgust, dislike
Example Sentence: His mind is full of unpleasant, unsatisfied craving.

4. QUIRK (NOUN): eccentricity
Synonyms: oddity, foible
Antonyms: normality, inability
Example Sentence: Wearing only pink socks is Neha’s oddest quirk.

5. CAUCUS (NOUN): group gathered to make decisions
Synonyms: gathering, convention
Antonym: individual, one
Example Sentence: The legislative caucus had a long discussion over the new bill.

6. TUMULT (NOUN): chaos
Synonyms: commotion, agitation
Antonyms: harmony, peace
Example sentence: The petrol prices are rising due to the political tumult in the gulf countries

7. BUNGLE (VERB): mess up
Synonyms: blunder, mismanage
Antonyms: manage, fix
Example Sentence: He was fired as he could bungle the simplest of tasks given to him.

8. FOLKSY (ADJECTIVE): casual
Synonyms: homey, informal
Antonyms: formal, cold
Example Sentence: Ali is a folksy fellow.

9. CREAK (VERB): squeak
Synonyms: groan, screech
Antonyms: mumble, whisper
Example Sentence: There was a loud creak in the corridor.

10. TIRADE (NOUN): abuse
Synonyms: ranting, denunciation
Antonyms: praise, complement
Example Sentence: The employee launched a tirade when fired from his job.

*رمضان المبارک کا معمول*
1: روزانہ رات 10 بجے تک سو جائیں۔
2: رات 3 بجے اٹھیں۔
3: تہجد 3:30am سے 4:15am تک
4: 20 منٹ تک قرآن کا مطالعہ کریں، کم از کم 10 آیات معنی کے ساتھ 4:15am سے 4:35 تک، 10منٹ تک اپنی دعا کا مشاہدہ کریں، اپنی تمام خواہشات اللہ سے مانگیں۔

5: صبح 4:45 بجے سے فجر تک سحری کھائیں۔ سحری کھانے کے بعد صلاۃ الصبح کی تیاری کریں۔

6: نماز فجر مقررہ وقت پر ادا کریں،

7: صبح کا اذکار صبح 6 بجے/6:30 بجے تک کریں۔

8: صبح 7:30بجے تک آرام کریں اور پھر اٹھ کر دن کے لیے تیاری کریں۔

9: نوافل کا اہتمام کریں۔

10:صبح 9:00 بجے سے 11:30 بجے تک، قرآن پاک کو مسلسل سنتے رہیں۔

11: نماز ظہر مقررہ وقت پر ادا کریں اور 20 منٹ اذکار کریں پھر تلاوت قرآن مجید۔۔

12: عصر کی نماز مقررہ وقت پر ادا کریں اور 20 منٹ تک اذکار۔۔

13:غروب آفتاب کے وقت اپنا روزہ افطار کریں جس کی آپ استطاعت رکھتے ہو۔لیکن حسب توفیق نادار لوگوں خاص کر پڑوسیوں کو کچھ نہ کچھ ضرور بھیج دیا کریں۔۔

افطار کرنے سے پہلے اللہ سے جو کچھ اور ہر چیز مانگیں۔
افطار کے بعد نماز مغرب پڑھیں اور دعا کریں، آپ کی دعا رد نہیں ہوگی ان شاءاللہ۔

14: عشاء کی نماز اور نماز تراویح پڑھیں۔

15: تراویح کے بعد، دن پر غور کرنے کے لیے 5 منٹ سوچیں،اور اپنے آپ سے یہ سوالات پوچھیں۔کیا اچھا کیا؟اور کیا بہتر کرنے کی ضرورت ہے؟ کیا روکنے کی ضرورت ہے؟ مزید کیا بہتر کرنے کی ضرورت ہے؟
سب سے بڑھ کر اپنے صدقہ میں اضافہ کریں۔

اللہ پاک ہمیں صحت و تندرستی اور پختہ ایمان کے ساتھ رمضان المبارک کا مشاہدہ کرنے اور رمضان کے روزے رکھنے کی توفیق عطا فرمائے، آمین .

(30 دن) میں روزانہ قرآن کا ایک حصہ مکمل کرنے کا طریقہ
الفجر: 4 صفحات
ظہور: 4 صفحات
العصر: 4 صفحات
مغرب: 4 صفحات
عشاء: 4 صفحات

ہر روز (15 دن) میں قرآن مجید ختم کرنے کے طریقے کے دو حصے ہیں۔
الفجر: 8 صفحات
ظہور: 8 صفحات
عصر: 8 صفحات
مغرب: 8 صفحات
عشاء: 8 صفحات

روزانہ ڈھائی حصے (12 دن) میں قرآن مجید ختم کرنے کا طریقہ
الفجر: 10 صفحات
ظہور: 10 صفحات
عصر: 10 صفحات
مغرب: 10 صفحات
عشاء: 10 صفحات

ہر روز (10 دن) میں قرآن مجید ختم کرنے کے طریقے کے تین حصے ہیں۔
الفجر: 12 صفحات
ظہور: 12 صفحات
عصر: 12 صفحات
مغرب: 12 صفحات
عشاء: 12 صفحات

یہ پروگرام اعلیٰ عزم کے حامل لوگوں کے لیے ہے۔
ہر روز (6 دن) میں قرآن مجید ختم کرنے کا طریقہ پانچ حصوں پر مشتمل ہے۔
الفجر: 20 صفحات
ظہور: 20 صفحات
عصر: 20 صفحات
مغرب: 20 صفحات
عشاء: 20 صفحات
جب آپ کی وجہ سے کوئی صحیح طریقہ سے روزے رکھے اور قرآن پاک کی تلاوت مکمل کرے گا تو آپ کو کتنا ثواب ملے گا۔“
*جزاک اللہ خیرا کثیرا*

Shout out to my newest followers! Excited to have you onboard! Seemab Khan, Hamza Humble, Sallahudin Ayubi

Crocodile tears مگرمچھ کے آنسو
Come of age بالغ ہونا
Come to ہوش میں آنا
Cry for the moon لاحاصل کی خواہش
Cut a sorry figure شرمندہ ہونا
Cut down کم ہونا
Casting vote فیصلہ کن ووٹ
Catch red handed رنگے ہاتھوں پکڑنا
Cast pearls before swine بھینس کے آگے بین بجانا
Break with علیحدہ کرنا
Bring about کوئی کام کرنا
Bring home واضح کرنا
Bring in کسی کو شامل کرنا
Bring to light کوئی چیز عوام پر ظاہر کرنا
Bring up کسی کی پرورش کرنا
Broken reed ناقابل اعتبار مدد
Burn the midnight oil رات دیر تک کام کرنا
Burning question اہم مسئلہ
Bury the hatchet دشمنی ختم کرنا
By and by وقت گزرنے کے ساتھ
By and large مجموعی طور پر
By dint of کسی چیز کی وجہ سے
By fits and starts بے قاعدگی سے
Bank on someone کسی چیز پر انحصار کرنا
Bear the brunt of کسی چیز کا بڑا حصہ ملنا
Before long جلد
Beside oneself آپے سے باہر ہونا
Bitter pill to swallow تلخ حقیقت
To blow one’s own horn اپنے منہ میاں مٹھو بننا
Blue blood امیر گھرانے کا اشرافیہ
Bring into question سوال اٹھانا
Built castles in the air ہوئی قلعہ تعمیر کرنا
Burst into tears اچانک آنسو نکل آنا
Butter someone up خوش آمد کرنا
By all means ہر طرح سے
All stake خطرے میں
All ears متوجہ ہوکر سننا
All of a sudden اچانک
Around the clock ہر وقت
At sixes and sevens بے ترتیب
Back out چھوڑ دینا
Bad blood دشمنی
Bag and baggage ساز وسامان
Bear the palm فاتح ہونا
Bear fruit توثیق کرنا
Beat about the bush ادھر ادھر کی باتیں کرنا
Bed of roses پرسکون
Bell the cat مشکل کام کرنا
Better half میاں بیوی
Between two fires دو مصیبتوں کے درمیان
Black out روشنیاں بند کرنا
Blow hot and cold غیر معقول مزاج
Bread and butter روزی روٹی
Break away بھاگ جانا
Break down توڑنا

اللھم صل علٰی محمد و علٰی آل محمد کما صلیت علٰی ابراھیم و علٰی آل ابراھیم انک حمید مجید
اللھم بارک علٰی محمد و علٰی آل محمد کما بارکت علٰی ابراھیم و علٰی آل ابراھیم انک حمید مجید

May this year bring us happiness and joy and May ALLAH pour down His blessings upon us 💖

#2024

💖 درود شریف 💖

💖 لَّآ إِلَٰهَ إِلَّآ أَنتَ سُبْحَٰنَكَ إِنِّى كُنتُ مِنَ ٱلظَّٰلِمِينَ 💖

♥️ أَسْتَغْفِرُ اللّٰهَ ♥️
پڑھ دیں اللہ تعالٰی جی ہم آپ ہی سے مانگتے ہیں
اللہ جی آپ ہم سے راضی ہو جائیں

NOUN IN DETAILED NOTES

*Noun*
"A word, which gives name to a person, place, thing or idea is called noun".

*Types of Noun*
1) Common noun
2) Proper Noun
3) Abstract Noun
4) Collective Noun
5) Material Noun
6) Diminutive Noun
7) Mass Noun
8) Countable Noun
9) Uncountable Noun
10) Concrete Noun
11) Non Concrete Noun
12)Gerund Noun


*PARTS OF SPEECH*
In language, all the words are divided into some categories on the basis of their functions. These categories are called parts of speech.
There are eight parts of speech .

1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Adjective
4. Verb
5. Adverb
6. Conjunction
7. Preposition
8. Interjection

*NOUN*
Definition,
"A word, which gives name to a person, place, thing or idea is called noun".
It's also called as naming word.
*Examples*
The sun shines bright
Ali is sleeping.

*PRONOUN*
Definition,
A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.
*as*
John is absent, because he is ill.
The books are where you left those.
*ADJECTIVE*
Definition,
An Adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun or pronoun.
*as*
He is a brave boy.
There are twenty boys in this class.
*VERB*
Definition,
A Verb is a word used to express an action.
*as*
Kolkata is a big city .
Iron & copper are useful metals.
*ADVERB*
Definition,
An Adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or an other adverb.
*as*
This flower is very beautiful.
She pronounced the word quite correctly.
*PREPOSITION*
Definition,
A Preposition is a word used with a noun to show how the person or thing denoted by the noun or pronoun stands in relation to something else;
*as*
There is a cow in the garden.
The girl is fond of music.
A fair little girl sat under the tree.
*CONJUNCTION*
Definition,
A Conjunction is a word used to join words or sentences;
*as*
Ali and Aslam are cousins.
Two and two make four.
I ran fast, but missed the train.
*INTERJECTION*
Definition,
An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feelings;
*as*
Hurrah ! we won the game.
Alas ! she is dead.

*4)Relative Pronoun*
Definition,
The Pronouns that relate to some noun going before and as well as do the work of Conjunction .
Examples,
Whose, Whom , Who , That , Which .

Uses of *Who & Whom*
Definition,
As general rule, both are used for *persons* only though they may be masculine or feminine, singular or plural.
Examples,
1) This is the boy *who* broke my pen .
2) God help those *who* help themselves .etc .
3) This is the girl *whom* I saw doing her home work .
4) These are the kids *whom* you saved from drowning. etc.

Uses of *Which*
Definition,
It is used for *lifeless things*, *birds*, and for *animals*.
as,
1) The pens *which* are broken, are on the table.
2) The book *which* is new is very dear .
3) The hen *which* is black lays one egg every day .etc .

Uses of *That & Whose*
Definition,
Both are used for *persons* , *animals* *birds* & also *lifeless things*.
as ,
1) The man *that* stood there was a robber.
2) I lost the watch *that* you gave me .
3) The dogs *that* were killed were mad .
4) This is the boy *whose* father is ill .
5) The dog *whose* tail is long is mine.
6) The bicycle *whose* colour is black has no lock .

*5)Indefinite Pronoun*
Definition ,
The Pronouns that refer to person or persons thing or things in a common or general way and don't refer in particular way .
Examples,
1) Somebody has stolen her heart.
2) Some are good and some are bad.
3) Some are born great .
4) Many people died due to Corona Virus.

*6.DIMINUTIVE NOUN*
Definition ;
"The Nouns that denote smallness, contempt or affection are called DIMINUTIVE NOUNS "
ex ;
Nestling Fatling Nursling Seedling Weakling Youngling Yearling Ducling Armlet Booklet Eaglet Leaflet Owlet Eyelet Ringlet Outlet Rootlet etc .

*7.MASS NOUN*
Definition ;
"These nouns can not be counted by themselves because, they always are treated as a group, volume, mass or quantity".
LIQUIDS
Water ,oil ,gasoline ,etc .
MATERIALS
Coal, steel ,wood etc .
FOOD
Bread ,fruit, butter ,apple etc .
IDEAS
Love ,advice, knowledge & so on .

*8. COUNTABLE NOUN*
or
*COUNTABLES*
&
*9. UNCOUNTABLE NOUN*
or
*NON COUNTABLE*
or
*UNCOUNTABLES*
8) COUNTABLES
Definition
"Cuontables are the names of objects, people, etc that we can count".
e.g,
Book ,Pen ,Apple, Boy ,Sister ,Doctor ,Horse, etc.
9) UNCOUNTABLES
Definition
uncountables are the names of things which we can't count.
Examples
Milk ,oil ,suger, gold ,silver ,honesty, etc .
NOTE
countable nouns have plural forms while uncountable nouns do not.
For illustration,
we say books but we can't say milks.

*10.CONCRETE NOUN*
&
*11.NON CONCRETE NOUN*
10. CONCRETE NOUN
Definition
"A noun which names a physical object that can see and touch by the sense".
e.g.
Table, chair, boy, cat, milk, pen, knife, fruit, etc .

*11. NON CONCRETE NOUN*
A noun which doesn't name a physical object but simply stand for concept or an idea is known as NON CONCRETE NOUN
e.g.
Pain ,ache etc.

*CHAPTER NO:2*

*2. THE PRONOUN*
Definition,
A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun ( Pronoun means for -a - noun. )
Examples,
1) Najma is a girl. *Her* mother sees *her* doing homework.
2) *She* has *her* book in *her* hand.
For illustration ,
I , we ,you ,He, She , It, They, Those ,Ye ,Thy, Thou ,Who ,Which, That, What ,Whose ,and so on .

*Kinds of Pronoun*
1) Personal Pronoun
2) Demonstrative Pronoun
3) Interrogative Pronoun
4) Indefinite Pronoun
5) Relative Pronoun
6) Compound Relative Pronoun
7) Distributive Pronoun
8) Reflexive Pronoun
9) Emphatic Pronoun
10) Reciprocal Pronoun
11) Generic Pronoun

1. *Common noun*️
"A noun, which names some common/general thing, person or place".
*Examples*️
1. The boy was beaten.
*Boy* can be any boy, i.e Ali, Fahad, Saleem, etc. So here, boy is a common noun.
2. I live in city.
*city* can be any city i.e Karachi, Peshawar ,
hospital, park ,book , tree ,game ,car , etc .

2. *Proper noun*️
" A noun, which names a specific person, place or thing".
*Examples*️
1. Shazia went to college.
*Shazia* is a proper noun because it names a specific person.
2. Karachi is a big city.
*Karachi* is a proper noun .
Ali, Fahad, Hassan, Wajid,
Janah Hospital, Wren & Martin book, etc .
*NOTE*
Proper nouns always written in Capital letter.

*Adjective of number*
OR
*Numeral Adjective*
Definition,
"Adjectives of number show how many persons or things meant or in what order a person or thing stands";
as ;
Few cats
Many things
All men
First day
five fingers
Several mistakes
Some apples
Most boys etc.

*Further there are three types of Numeral Adjective*
as ,

1) *Definite Numeral Adjective*
2) *Indefinite Numeral Adjective*
3) *Distributive Numeral Adjective*

*1) Definite Numeral Adjective*
Definition ,
"Definite Numeral Adjectives show an exact number" .
as ,
One ,two ,three ,four, five,--------------
First ,second, third ,fourth, fifth, ------------

*Definite Numeral Adjective has also two types* ;
1) Cardinal Definite Numeral Adjective
2) Ordinal DefiniteNumeral Adjective

*1) Cardinal Definite Numeral Adjective*
Definition ,
" Cardinal Definite Numeral Adjectives are used in counting things".
as ,
One, two, three, four ,five, six ,seven ,eight ,nine, ten, eleven, -----------------

*2) Ordinal Definite Numeral Adjective*
Definition ,
"Ordinal Definite Numeral Adjectives are used to show the order of things in series".
As,
First ,second, third ,fourth, fifth, sixth, eleventh ,eighth, nineth, tenth ,eleventh, -------------

*2) Indefinite Numeral Adjective*
Definition ,
" Indefinite Numeral Adjectives do not show an axact number of things".
as ,
Few money
Several mistakes
Many students
Some tea
Much milk
More money
etc.

*3) Distributive Numeral Adjective*
Definition ,
"Distributive Numeral Adjectives are those which refer to each one of a number or group",
as,
Each boy must do his home work
Every man should do his duty.
Either pen will write
Neither man is honest .

*6) Compound Relative Pronoun*
Definition ,☆
The Pronouns formed by adding ever, so or soever to wko, which and what are called Compound Relative Pronoun;
as ,☆
Who ever ,who so ,whosoever, whichever, whichsoever ,whatever,
whatsoever.
1) Whosoever (i.e any person ) comes first is welcome.
2) whoso dig a pit will fall there in .
3) Take whichever you like.
4) Whatever he does he does right. etcetera .☆

*7) Reflexive Pronoun*
Definition,
"Reflexive Pronouns are used to point out to some noun or pronoun going before".
as
Myself, ourselves; yourself ,yourselves, himself ,herself itself, themselves.

*Emphatic Reflexive Pronoun*
Definition
"Reflexive Pronouns are used with pronouns to make them stronger
or more emphatic and also express that the person or thing has done an action himself or itself".

*Different between*
*Reflexive Pronoun*
&
*Emphatic Reflexive Pronoun*

*i) Reflexive Pronouns*
Examples ,
I killed myself.
I can not do it myself.
He told me story himself.
She will do her home works herself. and so on .
*ii) Emphatic Reflexive Pronouns*
Examples
I myself killed.
I myself can not do it.
He himself told me story .
She herself will do her home works.
That's all.

*Noun*
"A word, which gives name to a person, place, thing or idea is called noun".

*Types of Noun*
1) Common noun
2) Proper Noun
3) Abstract Noun
4) Collective Noun
5) Material Noun
6) Diminutive Noun
7) Mass Noun
8) Countable Noun
9) Uncountable Noun
10) Concrete Noun
11) Non Concrete Noun
12)Gerund Noun


*PARTS OF SPEECH*
In language, all the words are divided into some categories on the basis of their functions. These categories are called parts of speech.
There are eight parts of speech .

1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Adjective
4. Verb
5. Adverb
6. Conjunction
7. Preposition
8. Interjection

*NOUN*
Definition,
"A word, which gives name to a person, place, thing or idea is called noun".
It's also called as naming word.
*Examples*
The sun shines bright
Ali is sleeping.

*PRONOUN*
Definition,
A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.
*as*
John is absent, because he is ill.
The books are where you left those.
*ADJECTIVE*
Definition,
An Adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun or pronoun.
*as*
He is a brave boy.
There are twenty boys in this class.
*VERB*
Definition,
A Verb is a word used to express an action.
*as*
Kolkata is a big city .
Iron & copper are useful metals.
*ADVERB*
Definition,
An Adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or an other adverb.
*as*
This flower is very beautiful.
She pronounced the word quite correctly.
*PREPOSITION*
Definition,
A Preposition is a word used with a noun to show how the person or thing denoted by the noun or pronoun stands in relation to something else;
*as*
There is a cow in the garden.
The girl is fond of music.
A fair little girl sat under the tree.
*CONJUNCTION*
Definition,
A Conjunction is a word used to join words or sentences;
*as*
Ali and Aslam are cousins.
Two and two make four.
I ran fast, but missed the train.
*INTERJECTION*
Definition,
An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feelings;
*as*
Hurrah ! we won the game.
Alas ! she is dead.

*4)Relative Pronoun*
Definition,
The Pronouns that relate to some noun going before and as well as do the work of Conjunction .
Examples,
Whose, Whom , Who , That , Which .

Uses of *Who & Whom*
Definition,
As general rule, both are used for *persons* only though they may be masculine or feminine, singular or plural.
Examples,
1) This is the boy *who* broke my pen .
2) God help those *who* help themselves .etc .
3) This is the girl *whom* I saw doing her home work .
4) These are the kids *whom* you saved from drowning. etc.

Uses of *Which*
Definition,
It is used for *lifeless things*, *birds*, and for *animals*.
as,
1) The pens *which* are broken, are on the table.
2) The book *which* is new is very dear .
3) The hen *which* is black lays one egg every day .etc .

Uses of *That & Whose*
Definition,
Both are used for *persons* , *animals* *birds* & also *lifeless things*.
as ,
1) The man *that* stood there was a robber.
2) I lost the watch *that* you gave me .
3) The dogs *that* were killed were mad .
4) This is the boy *whose* father is ill .
5) The dog *whose* tail is long is mine.
6) The bicycle *whose* colour is black has no lock .

*5)Indefinite Pronoun*
Definition ,
The Pronouns that refer to person or persons thing or things in a common or general way and don't refer in particular way .
Examples,
1) Somebody has stolen her heart.
2) Some are good and some are bad.
3) Some are born great .
4) Many people died due to Corona Virus.

*6.DIMINUTIVE NOUN*
Definition ;
"The Nouns that denote smallness, contempt or affection are called DIMINUTIVE NOUNS "
ex ;
Nestling Fatling Nursling Seedling Weakling Youngling Yearling Ducling Armlet Booklet Eaglet Leaflet Owlet Eyelet Ringlet Outlet Rootlet etc .

*7.MASS NOUN*
Definition ;
"These nouns can not be counted by themselves because, they always are treated as a group, volume, mass or quantity".
LIQUIDS
Water ,oil ,gasoline ,etc .
MATERIALS
Coal, steel ,wood etc .
FOOD
Bread ,fruit, butter ,apple etc .
IDEAS
Love ,advice, knowledge & so on .

*8. COUNTABLE NOUN*
or
*COUNTABLES*
&
*9. UNCOUNTABLE NOUN*
or
*NON COUNTABLE*
or
*UNCOUNTABLES*
8) COUNTABLES
Definition
"Cuontables are the names of objects, people, etc that we can count".
e.g,
Book ,Pen ,Apple, Boy ,Sister ,Doctor ,Horse, etc.
9) UNCOUNTABLES
Definition
uncountables are the names of things which we can't count.
Examples
Milk ,oil ,suger, gold ,silver ,honesty, etc .
NOTE
countable nouns have plural forms while uncountable nouns do not.
For illustration,
we say books but we can't say milks.

*10.CONCRETE NOUN*
&
*11.NON CONCRETE NOUN*
10. CONCRETE NOUN
Definition
"A noun which names a physical object that can see and touch by the sense".
e.g.
Table, chair, boy, cat, milk, pen, knife, fruit, etc .

*11. NON CONCRETE NOUN*
A noun which doesn't name a physical object but simply stand for concept or an idea is known as NON CONCRETE NOUN
e.g.
Pain ,ache etc.

*CHAPTER NO:2*

*2. THE PRONOUN*
Definition,
A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun ( Pronoun means for -a - noun. )
Examples,
1) Najma is a girl. *Her* mother sees *her* doing homework.
2) *She* has *her* book in *her* hand.
For illustration ,
I , we ,you ,He, She , It, They, Those ,Ye ,Thy, Thou ,Who ,Which, That, What ,Whose ,and so on .

*Kinds of Pronoun*
1) Personal Pronoun
2) Demonstrative Pronoun
3) Interrogative Pronoun
4) Indefinite Pronoun
5) Relative Pronoun
6) Compound Relative Pronoun
7) Distributive Pronoun
8) Reflexive Pronoun
9) Emphatic Pronoun
10) Reciprocal Pronoun
11) Generic Pronoun

1. *Common noun*️
"A noun, which names some common/general thing, person or place".
*Examples*️
1. The boy was beaten.
*Boy* can be any boy, i.e Ali, Fahad, Saleem, etc. So here, boy is a common noun.
2. I live in city.
*city* can be any city i.e Karachi, Peshawar ,
hospital, park ,book , tree ,game ,car , etc .

2. *Proper noun*️
" A noun, which names a specific person, place or thing".
*Examples*️
1. Shazia went to college.
*Shazia* is a proper noun because it names a specific person.
2. Karachi is a big city.
*Karachi* is a proper noun .
Ali, Fahad, Hassan, Wajid,
Janah Hospital, Wren & Martin book, etc .
*NOTE*
Proper nouns always written in Capital letter.

*Adjective of number*
OR
*Numeral Adjective*
Definition,
"Adjectives of number show how many persons or things meant or in what order a person or thing stands";
as ;
Few cats
Many things
All men
First day
five fingers
Several mistakes
Some apples
Most boys etc.

*Further there are three types of Numeral Adjective*
as ,

1) *Definite Numeral Adjective*
2) *Indefinite Numeral Adjective*
3) *Distributive Numeral Adjective*

*1) Definite Numeral Adjective*
Definition ,
"Definite Numeral Adjectives show an exact number" .
as ,
One ,two ,three ,four, five,--------------
First ,second, third ,fourth, fifth, ------------

*Definite Numeral Adjective has also two types* ;
1) Cardinal Definite Numeral Adjective
2) Ordinal DefiniteNumeral Adjective

*1) Cardinal Definite Numeral Adjective*
Definition ,
" Cardinal Definite Numeral Adjectives are used in counting things".
as ,
One, two, three, four ,five, six ,seven ,eight ,nine, ten, eleven, -----------------

*2) Ordinal Definite Numeral Adjective*
Definition ,
"Ordinal Definite Numeral Adjectives are used to show the order of things in series".
As,
First ,second, third ,fourth, fifth, sixth, eleventh ,eighth, nineth, tenth ,eleventh, -------------

*2) Indefinite Numeral Adjective*
Definition ,
" Indefinite Numeral Adjectives do not show an axact number of things".
as ,
Few money
Several mistakes
Many students
Some tea
Much milk
More money
etc.

*3) Distributive Numeral Adjective*
Definition ,
"Distributive Numeral Adjectives are those which refer to each one of a number or group",
as,
Each boy must do his home work
Every man should do his duty.
Either pen will write
Neither man is honest .

*6) Compound Relative Pronoun*
Definition ,☆
The Pronouns formed by adding ever, so or soever to wko, which and what are called Compound Relative Pronoun;
as ,☆
Who ever ,who so ,whosoever, whichever, whichsoever ,whatever,
whatsoever.
1) Whosoever (i.e any person ) comes first is welcome.
2) whoso dig a pit will fall there in .
3) Take whichever you like.
4) Whatever he does he does right. etcetera .☆

*7) Reflexive Pronoun*
Definition,
"Reflexive Pronouns are used to point out to some noun or pronoun going before".
as
Myself, ourselves; yourself ,yourselves, himself ,herself itself, themselves.

*Emphatic Reflexive Pronoun*
Definition
"Reflexive Pronouns are used with pronouns to make them stronger
or more emphatic and also express that the person or thing has done an action himself or itself".

*Different between*
*Reflexive Pronoun*
&
*Emphatic Reflexive Pronoun*

*i) Reflexive Pronouns*
Examples ,
I killed myself.
I can not do it myself.
He told me story himself.
She will do her home works herself. and so on .
*ii) Emphatic Reflexive Pronouns*
Examples
I myself killed.
I myself can not do it.
He himself told me story .
She herself will do her home works.
That's all.