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Modernism in Literature – What are Characteristics of Modernism in Writing?

What is Modernism?

The following are characteristics of Modernism:

Marked by a strong and intentional break with tradition. This break includes a strong reaction against established religious, political, and social views.
Belief that the world is created in the act of perceiving it; that is, the world is what we say it is.
There is no such thing as absolute truth. All things are relative.
No connection with history or institutions. Their experience is that of alienation, loss, and despair.
Championship of the individual and celebration of inner strength.
Life is unordered.
Concerned with the sub-conscious.
British & Irish Modernism

The horrors of World War I (1914-19), with its accompanying atrocities and senselessness became the catalyst for the Modernist movement in literature and art. Modernist authors felt betrayed by the war, believing the institutions in which they were taught to believe had led the civilized world into a bloody conflict. They no longer considered these institutions as reliable means to access the meaning of life, and therefore turned within themselves to discover the answers.

Modernism is just one recent literary movement
Their antipathy towards traditional institutions found its way into their writing, not just in content, but in form. Popular British Modernists include the following:

James Joyce (from Dublin, Ireland) – His most experimental and famous work, Ulysses, completely abandons generally accepted notions of plot, setting, and characters.
Ford Madox Ford – The Good Soldier examines the negative effects of war.
Virginia Woolf – To the Lighthouse, as well, strays from conventional forms, focusing on Stream of Consciousness.
Stevie Smith – Novel on Yellow Paper parodies conventionality.
Aldous Huxley – Brave New World protests against the dangers and nature of modern society.
D.H. Lawrence – His novels reflected on the dehumanizing effect of modern society.
T.S. Eliot – Although American, Eliot’s The Wasteland is associated with London and emphasizes the emptiness of Industrialism.
American Modernism

Known as “The Lost Generation,” American writers of the 1920s brought Modernism to the United States. For writers like Hemingway and Fitzgerald, World War I destroyed the illusion that acting virtuously brought about good. Like their British contemporaries, American Modernists rejected traditional institutions and forms. American Modernists include:

Ernest Hemingway – The Sun Also Rises chronicles the meaningless lives of the Lost Generation. Farewell to Arms narrates the tale of an ambulance driver searching for meaning in WWI.
F. Scott Fitzgerald – The Great Gatsby shows through its protagonist, Jay Gatsby, the corruption of the American Dream.
John Dos Passos, Hart Crane, and Sherwood Anderson are other prominent writers of the period.
Mini Lesson: Make a chart to identify aspects of modernism. In the left column list the characteristics of modernism in literature –

Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. Nelson Mandela
2) Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself. John Dewey
3) The whole purpose of education is to turn mirrors into windows. Sydney J. Harris

4) The function of education is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically. Intelligence plus character - that is the goal of true education. Martin Luther King, Jr.
5) “Education is the kindling of a flame, not the filling of a vessel.”
Socrates
6) The goal of education is the advancement of knowledge and the dissemination of truth. John F. Kennedy
7) “Education is the ability to listen to almost anything without losing your temper or your self-confidence.” Robert Frost
8) “Educating the mind without educating the heart is no education at all.”
Aristotle
9) Education is the key to unlock the golden door of freedom. George Washington Carver
10) “To educate a person in the mind but not in morals is to educate a menace to society.”
― Theodore Roosevelt
11) “The task of the modern educator is not to cut down jungles, but to irrigate deserts.” C.S.Lewis
12) Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime. Maimonides
13) Education's purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one. Malcolm Forbes
14) “A good head and good heart are always a formidable combination. But when you add to that a literate tongue or pen, then you have something very special.”
Nelson Mandela
15) “The educated differ from the uneducated as much as the living differ from the dead.”
― Aristotle
16) “Education without values, as useful as it is, seems rather to make man a more clever devil.” C.S. Lewis
17) “Education is our passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to the people who prepare for it today.” Malcolm X
18) “Self-education is, I firmly believe, the only kind of education there is.” Isaac Asimov
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*NEW BANKNOTE*

Editorial
August 17, 2022

*PAKISTAN has a new currency note to mark the diamond jubilee of independence. The 75-rupee banknote, issued by the State Bank to mark the occasion, is quite distinctive in its features. Emerald green in colour, it features the portraits of Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Mohtarma Fatima Jinnah on the obverse, and a vignette of the national animal, the markhor, and the national tree, the deodar, on its reverse. The note will be issued in September 2022, and those who dabble in numismatics will no doubt be quite eager to get their hands on one to archive in their collections as a unique artefact commemorating a significant milestone in Pakistan’s history.*

*پاکستان کے پاس آزادی کی ڈائمنڈ جوبلی کے موقع پر ایک نیا کرنسی نوٹ ہے۔ اس موقع پر اسٹیٹ بینک کی جانب سے جاری کیا گیا 75 روپے کا نوٹ اپنی خصوصیات میں کافی مخصوص ہے۔ زمرد سبز رنگ میں، اس کے اوپر قائداعظم محمد علی جناح، سر سید احمد خان، علامہ محمد اقبال اور محترمہ فاطمہ جناح کی تصویریں ہیں، اور قومی جانور، مارخور اور قومی درخت کا خاکہ ہے۔ دیودار، اس کے الٹ پر۔ یہ نوٹ ستمبر 2022 میں جاری کیا جائے گا، اور وہ لوگ جو شماریات میں ڈھلتے ہیں بلاشبہ پاکستان کی تاریخ میں ایک اہم سنگ میل کی یاد میں ایک منفرد نوادرات کے طور پر اپنے مجموعوں میں آرکائیو کرنے کے لیے کافی بے چین ہوں گے۔*

Even those who are not avid collectors will still find the philosophy behind the banknote’s design quite fascinating. The four individuals who have been featured on the note have been chosen for their contributions towards “elucidating, shaping and supporting the struggle for independence”. Allama Iqbal and Sir Syed have been credited for elucidating Muslim identity and nationalism, the Quaid for shaping the independence struggle, and Ms Jinnah for supporting the Quaid as his steadfast companion. It is also worth noting that this is the first time a woman’s face has been featured on a Pakistani banknote, which makes the 75-rupee note all the more special. Her inclusion honours “the role of women in the freedom movement and the singular price paid by them[...]”. The artwork on the reverse side represents Pakistan’s commitment to the protection of indigenous species and combating climate change and is the work of upcoming artist Sara Khan. It is heartening that a young woman was chosen to give expression to the country’s aspirations on environmental concerns. Having crossed the 75-year milestone, it is important for the country to stay rooted but be progressive in its aspirations and cognisant of the hopes of its youthful population, especially its women. This commemorative banknote fittingly captures that spirit through its thoughtful design.

Published in Dawn, August 17th, 2022

یہاں تک کہ وہ لوگ جو جمع کرنے کے شوقین نہیں ہیں انہیں اب بھی نوٹ کے ڈیزائن کے پیچھے کا فلسفہ کافی دلچسپ لگے گا۔ ان چار افراد کا انتخاب کیا گیا ہے جنہیں اس نوٹ میں شامل کیا گیا ہے، انہیں "جدوجہد آزادی کی وضاحت، تشکیل اور حمایت" کے لیے ان کی شراکت کے لیے منتخب کیا گیا ہے۔ علامہ اقبال اور سرسید کو مسلم تشخص اور قوم پرستی کو واضح کرنے کا سہرا دیا جاتا ہے، قائد کو جدوجہد آزادی کی تشکیل کے لیے اور محترمہ جناح کو قائد کی ان کے ثابت قدم ساتھی کے طور پر ساتھ دینے کا سہرا دیا جاتا ہے۔ یہ بات بھی قابل غور ہے کہ یہ پہلا موقع ہے کہ پاکستانی نوٹ پر کسی خاتون کا چہرہ نمایاں کیا گیا ہے، جو 75 روپے کے نوٹ کو مزید خاص بناتا ہے۔ اس کی شمولیت "آزادی کی تحریک میں خواتین کے کردار اور ان کی طرف سے ادا کی جانے والی واحد قیمت[...]" کا احترام کرتی ہے۔ الٹی طرف کا آرٹ ورک مقامی نسلوں کے تحفظ اور موسمیاتی تبدیلیوں سے نمٹنے کے لیے پاکستان کے عزم کی نمائندگی کرتا ہے اور یہ آنے والی فنکارہ سارہ خان کا کام ہے۔ یہ خوش آئند ہے کہ ایک نوجوان خاتون کو ماحولیاتی خدشات پر ملک کی امنگوں کا اظہار کرنے کے لیے چنا گیا۔ 75 سال کا سنگ میل عبور کرنے کے بعد، ملک کے لیے یہ ضروری ہے کہ وہ جڑوں سے جڑے رہیں لیکن اپنی امنگوں میں ترقی کرتے رہیں اور اپنی نوجوان آبادی، خاص طور پر خواتین کی امیدوں کا ادراک رکھتے ہوں۔ یہ یادگاری نوٹ اپنے سوچے سمجھے ڈیزائن کے ذریعے اس جذبے کو موزوں طور پر حاصل کرتا ہے۔

ڈان میں، 17 اگست، 2022 کو شائع ہوا۔

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