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Chromatography

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the elements with their atomic masses.
list of all 118 elements (rounded atomic masses):

1. Hydrogen (H) - 1.008
2. Helium (He) - 4.0026
3. Lithium (Li) - 6.94
4. Beryllium (Be) - 9.0122
5. Boron (B) - 10.81
6. Carbon (C) - 12.011
7. Nitrogen (N) - 14.007
8. Oxygen (O) - 15.999
9. Fluorine (F) - 18.998
10. Neon (Ne) - 20.180
11. Sodium (Na) - 22.990
12. Magnesium (Mg) - 24.305
13. Aluminum (Al) - 26.982
14. Silicon (Si) - 28.085
15. Phosphorus (P) - 30.974
16. Sulfur (S) - 32.06
17. Chlorine (Cl) - 35.45
18. Argon (Ar) - 39.948
19. Potassium (K) - 39.098
20. Calcium (Ca) - 40.078
21. Scandium (Sc) - 44.956
22. Titanium (Ti) - 47.867
23. Vanadium (V) - 50.942
24. Chromium (Cr) - 51.996
25. Manganese (Mn) - 54.938
26. Iron (Fe) - 55.845
27. Cobalt (Co) - 58.933
28. Nickel (Ni) - 58.693
29. Copper (Cu) - 63.546
30. Zinc (Zn) - 65.38
31. Gallium (Ga) - 69.723
32. Germanium (Ge) - 72.630
33. Arsenic (As) - 74.922
34. Selenium (Se) - 78.971
35. Bromine (Br) - 79.904
36. Krypton (Kr) - 83.798
37. Rubidium (Rb) - 85.468
38. Strontium (Sr) - 87.62
39. Yttrium (Y) - 88.906
40. Zirconium (Zr) - 91.224
41. Niobium (Nb) - 92.906
42. Molybdenum (Mo) - 95.95
43. Technetium (Tc) - 98
44. Ruthenium (Ru) - 101.07
45. Rhodium (Rh) - 102.91
46. Palladium (Pd) - 106.42
47. Silver (Ag) - 107.87
48. Cadmium (Cd) - 112.41
49. Indium (In) - 114.82
50. Tin (Sn) - 118.71
51. Antimony (Sb) - 121.76
52. Tellurium (Te) - 127.60
53. Iodine (I) - 126.90
54. Xenon (Xe) - 131.29
55. Cesium (Cs) - 132.91
56. Barium (Ba) - 137.33
57. Lanthanum (La) - 138.91
58. Cerium (Ce) - 140.12
59. Praseodymium (Pr) - 140.91
Neodymium (Nd) - 144.24
61. Promethium (Pm) - 145
62. Samarium (Sm) - 150.36
63. Europium (Eu) - 151.96
64. Gadolinium (Gd) - 157.25
65. Terbium (Tb) - 158.93
66. Dysprosium (Dy) - 162.50
67. Holmium (Ho) - 164.93
68. Erbium (Er) - 167.26
69. Thulium (Tm) - 168.93
70. Ytterbium (Yb) - 173.05
71. Lutetium (Lu) - 174.97
72. Hafnium (Hf) - 178.49
73. Tantalum (Ta) - 180.95
74. Tungsten (W) - 183.84
75. Rhenium (Re) - 186.21
76. Osmium (Os) - 190.23
77. Iridium (Ir) - 192.22
78. Platinum (Pt) - 195.08
79. Gold (Au) - 196.97
80. Mercury (Hg) - 200.59
81. Thallium (Tl) - 204.38
82. Lead (Pb) - 207.2
83. Bismuth (Bi) - 208.98
84. Polonium (Po) - 209
85. Astatine (At) - 210
86. Radon (Rn) - 222
87. Francium (Fr) - 223
88. Radium (Ra) - 226
89. Actinium (Ac) - 227
90. Thorium (Th) - 232.04
91. Protactinium (Pa) - 231.04
92. Uranium (U) - 238.03
93. Neptunium (Np) - 237
94. Plutonium (Pu) - 244
95. Americium (Am) - 243
96. Curium (Cm) - 247
97. Berkelium (Bk) - 247
98. Californium (Cf) - 251
99. Einsteinium (Es) - 252
100. Fermium (Fm) - 257
101. Mendelevium (Md) - 258
102. Nobelium (No) - 259
103. Lawrencium (Lr) - 266
104. Rutherfordium (Rf) - 267
105. Dubnium (Db) - 268
106. Seaborgium (Sg) - 269
107. Bohrium (Bh) - 270
108. Hassium (Hs) - 269
109. Meitnerium (Mt) - 278
110. Darmstadtium (Ds) - 281
111. Roentgenium (Rg) - 282
112. Copernicium (Cn) - 285
113. Nihonium (Nh) - 286
114. Flerovium (Fl) - 289
115. Moscovium (Mc) - 290
116. Livermorium (Lv) - 293
117. Tennessine (Ts) - 294
118. Oganesson (Og) - 294

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*salt chemistry*

🌌 Major Astronomical Events of 2026 ✨
A year full of eclipses, planetary highlights, and meteor showers

🟠 January 10 – Jupiter at Opposition
Jupiter appears at its brightest and largest of the year, rising at sunset and visible all night—perfect for telescopes and binoculars.

🪐 February 28 – Planetary Alignment
Several planets line up along the ecliptic, creating a striking pre-dawn or evening display depending on location.

🌕 March 3 – Total Lunar Eclipse
The Moon passes fully into Earth’s shadow, turning a deep red “Blood Moon,” visible from many parts of the world.

☄️ April 25 – Comet C/2025 R3 at Its Brightest
This comet reaches peak brightness and may be visible with binoculars—or possibly the naked eye under dark skies.

🔵 May 31 – Blue Micromoon
A rare event where the Moon is both the second full Moon in a month (Blue Moon) and near apogee, appearing slightly smaller.

✨ June 9 – Venus Near Jupiter
A beautiful close conjunction of the two brightest planets, easily visible to the naked eye after sunset or before sunrise.

🌙 July 11 – Moon Near the Pleiades and Mars
A picturesque alignment ideal for wide-field photography, featuring the Moon, Mars, and the famous Pleiades star cluster.

🌞☄️ August 12 – A Triple Treat
A rare combination of a planetary alignment, a solar eclipse, and the Perseids meteor shower peak—one of the most exciting skywatching days of the year.

✨ September 22 – Venus at Its Brightest
Venus shines at maximum brilliance, dominating the twilight sky.

🪐 October 4 – Saturn at Opposition
Saturn’s rings are well-positioned and clearly visible, making this the best time of year to observe the ringed planet.

🔴 November 22 – Mars Near Jupiter
A close planetary pairing that creates a striking contrast of red and cream-colored worlds.

🌠 December 14 – Geminids Meteor Shower Peak
One of the year’s best meteor showers, known for bright, slow meteors and high hourly rates.

🔭 2026 promises breathtaking sights, from a rare total solar eclipse to bright planets and rich meteor showers. Mark your calendar—and keep looking up.

Our senses suggest a solid, predictable world, but modern science proves that reality is far more mysterious than it seems.

1. Particles Change When Observed: In quantum physics, particles exist as "waves of probability" (being in multiple places at once) until they are measured. The act of observation forces them to "collapse" into a single, definite position.

2. We Are 99.9% Empty Space: Atoms are mostly hollow. If you removed the empty space from every human on Earth, the entire population would fit inside the volume of a sugar cube.

3. We Never Actually Touch Anything: Atoms are surrounded by negatively charged electrons. When you "touch" an object, these electrons repel each other. You are actually "hovering" on a microscopic cushion of electromagnetic force.

4. Gravity Bends Time: Time is not a constant. Because gravity warps the fabric of space, time moves slower near massive objects. A clock on the ground floor of a building ticks slightly slower than a clock on the roof.

👉 The Chemical which makes mouth......
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Chemistry of Carboxylic acid
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Scientist Name
Invention and Discovery

1.Antoine Lavoisier
Conservation of mass, modern system of chemical nomenclature

2.Dmitri Mendeleev
Periodic table of elements

3.Marie Curie
Discovery of polonium and radium, contributions to the understanding of radioactivity

4.Robert Boyle
Boyle's law, foundational work in the development of the gas laws and kinetic theory of gases

5.Linus Pauling
Nature of the chemical bond, research on the structure of proteins

6.Gilbert N. Lewis
Covalent bond concept, development of Lewis dot structure to represent molecular bonding.

7.Friedrich August Kekulé
Formulation of the cyclic structure of benzene

8.Ilya Prigogine
Work on dissipative structures and nonequilibrium thermodynamics

9.Gilbert Stork
Contributions to organic synthesis, development of synthetic methodologies

10.Ahmed Zewail
Femto-chemistry, studying chemical reactions on extremely short timescales using ultrashort laser pulses.

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