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ASSIGNMENT M.PHIL EDU
DISTANCE LEARNING

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY,FAISALABAD

SEMESTER FALL 2012

Advanced Educational Planning and Management

TOPIC: BURNOUT

SARFRAZ ASLAM
[email protected]

RESOURCE PERSON: DR. SHABIR AHMAD

BURNOUT:
Burnout is a psychological condition in which a person routinely feels physically and emotionally exhausted, is cynical and critical of him or herself and others, and works less efficiently than usual. This condition is usually brought on by long-term stress, overwork, and a lack of support or acknowledgement.
Though burnout is often confused with stress, it is not the same thing. Stress is characterized by urgency and anxiety, but burnout is characterized by a loss of interest and a feeling of "giving up" or failure. It is a recognized disorder in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10), a standard for classifying mental disorders endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO); but as of 2011 it is not in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), the standard guide for classifying mental disorders in the US. If left untreated, this condition can have long-term physical, mental, and emotional effects.

TEACHER BURNOUT:
The concept of burnout was first presented by Freudenberger in 1974 when he used the term to describe people in helping professions who experienced a state of exhaustion and fatigue. He explained that this was brought on by working too long, too much and too intensely, with demanding people. Freudenberger's work was important as it laid the foundations for empirical research focusing on this area.
Maslach (1982) describes burnout as the behavioral response of people who experience constant stress from working occupations that require continual and intensive interactions with people. Those who cannot effectively cope with this work-related stress develop feelings of emotional exhaustion, negative attitudes toward their clients and a sense that they are no longer accomplishing anything in their job.
With varying definitions of the term, all researchers generally agree that teachers who have trouble coping with the stress of the job experience burnout. Causes of stress for any teacher vary greatly. There is no order of importance among the several identified environmental and personal factors related to aspects of burnout. It is suggested that teachers may go through a stress cycle in their roles.
Research suggests three broad dimensions of behavioral reactions for teachers experiencing burnout.
1. The first is physical, the development of chronic feelings of emotional exhaustion. Tired, irritable and emotionally drained are feelings expressed by teachers. They may also go on to develop negative, cynical attitudes towards their students.
2. The second type of dimension is referred to as mental, also known as depersonalization. This occurs when a teacher goes from ‘warm and caring' to ‘emotionally removed' from students. An example could be that they constantly remain behind a desk, drawing a physical barrier. In this situation, psychologically teachers may refuse to acknowledge students.
3. The third category is the emotional dimension, when teachers no longer feel a sense of accomplishment in their work. Teachers enter the profession with hope to make a positive impact on society. However, when they start to feel they are not making any difference to the lives of their students, they feel their profession offers few other rewards such as money or recognition.
According to research, environmental sources of burnout include societal expectations and institute factors, which are beyond the direct control of the teacher or the educational establishment. On a global scale, it appears that lack of attentiveness, enthusiasm and motivation of students are the most stressful issues teachers face on a daily basis. Other causes include time pressure, workload, poor school ethos, interpersonal relationships with faculty members, the physical environment and lack of prospects. Role conflict and ambiguity are also cited as contributing to stress. Aspects of this include the inability to reconcile inconsistencies of role, duties and responsibilities.
Personal or background factors include the age and gender of the teacher, grade level taught and personality characteristics. It appears that teachers with an external focus of control are more likely to experience burnout, compared to those with an internal focus of control. Studies show that men are more likely to be affected by burnout than women. It also appears that teaching elementary school is less stressful than middle or secondary school. Psychological reactions include emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and feeling of failure. Consequences include teachers intending to leave job, absence from work, less effort exerted in role, lower quality personal life and physical problems.
Teachers experiencing burnout expend many adverse consequences for both the individual and the institution they work. It is suggested that those experiencing burnout are likely to have a lower quality of personal life, are absent from work more often, exert less effort in teaching and are constantly looking for a new line of work. It also appears that these teachers are also more likely to suffer other health issues, such as turning to substance abuse or experiencing a stress related phenomena such as insomnia.
Dworkin (1978) reflects that regardless of the consequences affecting the individual and education institute, students are the ultimate losers.
Coping with stress and the use of intervention strategies to help alleviate teacher stress is a complex field. People are very different in the ways they cope with high levels of stress, therefore remedial efforts vary between each teacher. There are wide ranges of coping strategies from which individuals can choose the specific techniques most suited to them. These include interpersonal responses, emotional responses, cognitive responses, physical responses, task related responses, organizational responses.
Student Burnout :
Student burnout is common among individuals. The pressure students endure can cause stress levels to soar to unhealthy levels. When this occurs, students can begin feeling sick more than usual, which makes them fall behind on coursework causing feelings of defeat and hopelessness.
Burnout Is Real - Not an Excuse Many people don't believe in student burnout. They think that students are being lazy. Burnout is real and it can cause a student to fail courses and drop out of school. It's an emotional, mental and physical problem, which needs attention from the sufferer and sometimes, a therapeutic professional. Providing struggling students with support and guidance will help them recover quickly and successfully so they can return to striving for their own excellence. a few of the many of the effects burnout might have in a college/school student’s life.
1 Loss of Motivation
Most students experiencing college burnout have a lack of motivation. They no longer want to excel. Although they may keep up with day-to-day tasks and classes, they are very unlikely to take on any extra tasks.
2 Continual Lack of Energy
While suffering from college burnout, many college students feel a complete lack of energy. Simply completing normal activities can feel like a huge waste of energy to them. Many students are tired already, but these students are continually tired… even if they sleep in.
3 Complete Boredom
During college burnout, students are often bored. Nothing interests them for long. Even their favorite hobby may now seem boring and worthless.
4 Inability To Concentrate
Concentrating on studying or any other task for prolonged periods of time can be impossible for those suffering from college burnout. Because of their boredom and lack of motivation, their mind will wander often, and learning will be very difficult.
5 Continually Lower Grades
Because of their lack of motivation and inability to concentrate well, these students often experience large drops in their grades. This failure to score well will them contribute more to their sense of failure, and they will become even more burnt-out.
6 Detachment
Even the most sociable people, when suffering from burnout, will often become very detached from their friends. They will try to avoid large gatherings and would rather sit by themselves than be among others. Often this comes because they are afraid of what others will think of them since they are no longer motivated or doing well.
7 Lowered Immunity To Diseases
Often, students experiencing burnout will loss their immunity to disease. Often they may complain of headaches, back pain, or neck pain… without any apparent causes. In addition, they will be much more likely to catch diseases such as the flu or the common cold.

Signs and Symptoms
Burnout has both physical and emotional signs. Though it affects people differently, those with this condition generally have at least a few of the following symptoms:

Physical Symptoms:
• Insomnia or sleeping much longer than usual.
• Lowered immunity — constantly having colds or stomach problems.
• Back and shoulder pain, or muscle pain generally.
• Headaches.
• Low energy.
• Inability to relax without medication, drugs, or alcohol.
• Significant weight gain or weight loss in a short amount of time.
• Lowered s*x drive.
• Not showering, grooming, or dressing appropriately for the workplace.

Non-physical symptoms:
• A sense of disengagement, or a feeling of "just going through the motions."
• Cynicism.
• Feeling critical both of the self and of others.
• Becoming irritated more easily than usual.
• A decreased sense of accomplishment.
• Depression.
• A lack of motivation.
• Feeling like a failure.
• Dulled emotions and a lack of empathy or compassion.

In response to these symptoms, people tend to isolate themselves and withdraw from others. They may suddenly drop responsibilities, take a long time to do things that they can usually do quickly, or procrastinate even over simple tasks. Since they can't relax naturally, they often self-medicate to create artificial relaxation with drugs, alcohol, or sleeping pills.
Internal and External Causes
The overarching cause of burnout is long-term stress. This stress can come from overwork, working on things that are incompatible with one's beliefs or interests, or working without recognition or support.
Many burned out work in high-stress jobs, like medicine, pre-college education, law, law enforcement, and social work. It can also be caused by a stressful home life too though. For instance, a stay-at-home mom who is solely responsible for running the house and caring for her children can be just as at-risk as someone in the workplace if she does not get appropriate breaks, have support from her spouse or family, or have the resources to do what is expected of her.
Burnout happens because of a combination of internal and external factors. External factors are often more apparent, but internal factors are just as important.
External Factors:
• A job that requires extremes of activity: constant busyness or long stretches of non-activity, or both.
• A situation that is at odds with one's values. For instance, a social worker having to comply with regulations that he feels is unethical could be at risk, as could or a mom staying at home to raise children when she gets a great sense of satisfaction and accomplishment from working outside the home.
• Not receiving recognition for work either in the workplace or at home.
• Unclear or unrealistic expectations in the workplace or at home.
• A situation that is boring, monotonous, or too easy.
• A lack of control or autonomy in the workplace. Being micro-managed or constantly monitored can lead to this feeling.
• Being unable to meet one's physical, mental, or emotional needs. Being constantly unable to provide for oneself in any one of these areas is a big factor in many cases. Physical needs include things like good nutrition, sleep, and exercise. Mental and emotional needs vary from person to person, but include mental stimulation, having fun or laughing, having time alone or spending time with others, or having one's feelings acknowledged.
Internal Factors:
• Certain personalities are thought to be more prone to burnout than others, particularly those who tend to be perfectionists or have "type-A" personalities.
• An inability to set boundaries. This is often related to self-esteem, and leads people to take on more than they can realistically handle.
• Placing unclear or unrealistic expectations on oneself in terms of personal life. This can be just as damaging as unclear or unrealistic expectations in the workplace.
• Being unaware of or suppressing personal needs, whether that is a need to be alone sometimes, proper nutrition, or the need to create.
Preventative Measures
The best way to prevent burnout is to recognize when risk factors like those listed above occur and work to change them or avoid them. Though it's not always possible to avoid triggers entirely — people sometimes have to stay in jobs that they aren't suited for because they need the money, or may be unable to stop doing a certain project, like raising a child — there usually are some ways to modify the situation.
For instance, an at risk stay-at-home mom or dad could try setting more boundaries, like having the spouse help with certain parts of the housework; or she or he might seek out a support network among people in a similar situation. A person who's stressed at work could discuss changing projects with the boss, or could ask for clarification about the expectations for his or her position.
Making sure that physical, mental, and emotional needs are being met is another big part of preventing this condition. Ways to do this include:
• Incorporating activity into the day. Even a ten minute walk can help matters.
• Eating appropriately and getting enough nutrition.
• Sleeping enough — this varies from person to person, so it's important to experiment to find out what is needed. It's also important to recognize things that interrupt sleep, like watching TV before bed or keeping a cellphone on at night.
• Incorporating periods of relaxation into the day. This could be a few minutes of meditation in the morning, a nap after lunch, or an hour of reading before bed.
As with many conditions, burnout is easier to overcome the earlier is it recognized. Having a network of people who care for one's well-being is an important aspect of this, since burned out people may not be able to notice the symptoms in themselves until they become severe.
Treatments
Though serious, burnout is definitely a treatable condition. There are both medication-based and alternative treatments, one of which may be more or less appropriate depending on the cause, and which can be used together as well. In some cases, a person may need a complete change of job or lifestyle to recover.
The most important part to treating burnout is recognizing it and speaking with someone about it. It's important to schedule a visit with a doctor, since he or she may be able to shed light on problems that could be contributing to the condition, but burned out people may also want to consider talking with a counselor, a religious adviser, or even just someone who can empathize.
A doctor may prescribe medication to treat the symptoms of burnout, including:
• Antidepressants.
• Sedatives or sleeping pills.
• Medication to help with any digestive problems.
• Other medications to deal with associated physical problems.
There are also many non-medication-based treatments, including:
• Counseling or therapy.
• Hypnosis
• Journaling — this can help people better understand their needs and spark ideas about how to meet them.
• Meditation.
• Stress management techniques — some people find it helpful to do a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis of their situation and goals.
Though these types of treatments can help with the symptoms of burnout, it's usually impossible to truly treat it if the situation or internal factors remain unchanged. Some people find that they need to quit their jobs entirely, take a long-term leave of absence, or negotiate with their boss to change things about their workplace or schedule.
Effects
If burnout is left untreated or unaddressed, it tends to get more and more severe, and can cause long-term physical, mental, and emotional damage. Physically, it can up a person's chances of heart problems, strokes, digestive disorders, fertility problems, diabetes, weight gain, tooth grinding, and problems with the bones and muscles, among other things.
Mentally and emotionally, long-term burnout can lead to depression and anxiety, forgetfulness, nightmares, mental breakdowns, and a risk of su***de. In some cases, this condition has actually led to people dying from overwork or killing themselves. This is particularly notable in Japan, where the phenomenon of karoshi, or death from overwork, is considered a social problem and is addressed by various government and corporate programs.
This condition also has an indirect effect on others, and can be dangerous in those working in jobs where others rely on them, like medicine. A burned out employee is much more likely to make mistakes and careless errors than one who is focused on his or her job, which can be extremely dangerous in medical, social work, and educational settings. For instance, a doctor who is burned out may be much more likely to miss a symptom or make a mistake in a prescription, or a teacher who is burned out might not notice when a child demonstrates signs of abuse.

References
(http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-burnout.htm)
(www.debtfreescholar.com/2009/11/do-you-recognize-the-7-early-warning-signs-of-college-burnout/)
International Education Journal Vol 2, No 2, 2001
http://www.flinders.edu.au/education/iej

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