Chemistry by Atif

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Allotropes of carbon

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Important Short and Long Questions for FSc Chemistry (1st Year) 2025

Important MCQs with Answers for FSc Chemistry (1st Year)

Chemistry Guess 2025
for 2nd Year Students










(For FBISE)



(For Balochistan Board)

Fractions of Petroleum:
(The Building Blocks of Modern Life)
Petroleum, also known as crude oil, is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons (compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon) formed from the decomposition of organic matter over millions of years. This "black gold" is a vital resource, and through a process called fractional distillation, it's separated into various fractions, each with unique properties and applications. Here's a breakdown of some key fractions:

1. Refining Process:

Crude oil is heated in a tall tower called a fractional distillation column.
As the temperature rises, different fractions with varying boiling points vaporize and are collected at different levels.
Lighter fractions with lower boiling points rise higher in the column.
2. Major Fractions:

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG):
A mixture of propane and butane (lightest fractions).
Commonly used as cooking fuel and heating in homes and camping.

Gasoline (Petrol):
A blend of light hydrocarbons.
Primary fuel for cars and other spark-ignition engines.

Naphtha:
A light liquid fraction.
Used as a solvent in paints, coatings, and petrochemical feedstock.

Kerosene:
A medium-weight hydrocarbon fraction.
Used in jet fuel, lamps, and some heating applications.

Diesel:
A heavier fraction with a higher boiling point than kerosene.
Primary fuel for trucks, buses, and some trains.

Lubricating Oil:
A group of heavier oil fractions with lubricating properties.
Used to reduce friction in engines and machinery.

Asphalt (Bitumen):
The heaviest fraction, a thick, sticky material.
Used in paving roads and waterproofing.

Fuel Oil:
A heavy oil fraction used for industrial heating and power generation.

Petroleum Coke (Petcoke):
The solid residue left after distillation.
Used as a low-grade fuel in some industrial processes.

3. Properties and Applications:

Each fraction has a distinct range of boiling points, viscosities (thickness), and flammability characteristics.
These properties determine their suitability for various applications.
The refining process can be optimized to produce more of a desired fraction based on market demand.

Ionization Energy

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1st Year Chemistry Guess 2024
(5 Year Analysis)