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10✴️Al-Madd
Madd affects letters which the reciter needs to stretch longer than they usually would. The elongation differs depending on the situation and the symbol present. The length of the Madd is usually described by the number of harakat or beats. Each different sub-rule has its name, but to keep things clear and concise they are grouped by the number of beats instead. The names of all of the rules are provided in one of the referenced links.

The madd letters are:

[ ا و ى ]



11✴️Two Beat Madd
When one of the Madd letters is connected to another letter not followed by a hamza or letter with sukoon, then elongate it for only two beats. This is referred to as the natural Madd. If a hamza precedes a Madd letter, then the prolongation is still only 2 beats.

دِينُكُمْ = dee nukum

يَا = yaa

عَابِدُونَ = A’aa be doona

If one stops at a word that ends in a tanween fatha, turn the tanween into an alif Madd.

أَفْوَاجًا ‎= Aff waa jaa



Flexible Madd (two, four, or six)
If one stops at a word in which there is a Madd before the last letter, then one can exaggerate the Madd to four or six beats. Two beats is still the minimum required here and one can do the elongation to four or six only if they stop at the word.

إِلَٰهِ النَّاسِ = ilaa hinnnaaaas



12✴️Four Beat Madd
If there is a Madd letter in the middle of a word and a hamza follows it, the Madd should be prolonged by four or five beats. Similarly, if the word ends in a Madd and the beginning of the next word starts with a hamza, then the Madd should again be prolonged by four or five beats.

إِذَا جَاءَ = idhaa jaaaa a

(Although both dhal and ja contain an alif Madd, ja is extended longer due to the hamza)



13✴️Six Beat Madd
If a letter with a shaddah follows a Madd letter, then the Madd letter should be prolonged for 6 beats.

وَلَا الضَّالِّينَ = wa laddaaaaaalleeen

If a letter with a sukoon follows after a Madd letter, then the Madd letter should be prolonged for 6 beats.

5✴️Meem Sakinah
This Tajweed rule has the same sub-rulings as noon sakinah and tanween, but not as many specific letter applications.





6✴️Ikhfaa Shafawy
If a [ب] is followed after a meem sakinah, then apply a ghunnah while hiding the meem sakin before continuing to the [ب].

Surely their Lord is All-Aware of them on that Day.

(Surah Al-Aadiyat 100:11)

7✴️Idghaam Shafawy
If the start of the word begins with a meem and is followed with a meem sakinah, then merge the words through the meem and apply ghunnah.

Who has fed them against hunger and made them secure against fear.

(Surah Quraysh 106:4)



8✴️Izhaar Shafawy
This sub-rule applies to the rest of the letters when they follow a meem sakinah. Simply pronounce the meem clearly without ghunnah and no merging to the next letter.

أَلَمْ تَرَ = Alam tara

9✴️Qalqalah
This Tajweed rule means ‘echoing’ and the application is to create an echoing sound at the end of the pronunciation of certain letters. The purpose of this rule is to differentiate between letters that have similar sounds when one stops on them (letter with sukoon, end of ayah, or taking a breath). It also helps create flow within the recitation.

The Qalqalah letters are as follows:

[ ق ط ب ج د ]

There are three places that the reciter needs to be wary of when performing Qalqalah.

When it occurs in the middle of a word, then it is a quick echo and a smooth continuation to the next letter. It is like a shaddah, but without the clear extension of the vowel.



تَجْرِي ‎= tajeree

If one is stopping on a word that ends in Qalqalah, make the echoing a little more pronounced.



اللَّهُ الصَّمَدُ = Allahu samadda

If one is stopping on a word that has Qalqalah and it has a shaddah, one needs to have a jerking echo.



لَهَبٍ وَتَبَّ = lahabiuuu wa tabbbaa

3✴️Noon Sakinah & Tanween
This Tajweed rule concerns the vowels and letters that create the ‘nnn‘ sound such as:

noon sakinah نْ
letters with tanween (a double vowel that adds the noon sound to the applied letter)
بًا (ban)
بٍ (bin)
بٌ (boon)

4✴️Idhaar (to make clear)
If noon sakinah نْ or a tanween is followed by these 6 letters [ء ه ع ح غ خ], then pronounce the noon normally (without ghunnah.)

[ ء ه ع ح غ خ ]

Idhar chart with examples. Noon sakin and tanween tajweed rules.
Idghaam (to merge)
There are two forms of Idghaam: one with ghunnah and one without.

With Ghunnah: If these letters [ي ن م و] are followed after a noon sakinah or tanween, then skip the ghunnah from the noon, but instead apply the ghunnah with the followed letter.

[ ي ن م و ]

So whoever does an atom’s weight of good will see it.

(Surah Al-Zalzalah, 99:7)

Without Ghunnah: If these letters [ل ر] are followed after a noon sakinah or tanween, then skip noon and pronounce the followed letter without ghunnah.

[ ل ر ]

Tajweed Rules🔗

Tajweed, from the onset, needs to be learned through hearing and practice to match the perfect recitation. The rules below are only here as a descriptor and one should seek out assistance. This article will only go through some of the more important rules at a broad level. One can use this as a guide as they learn the rules. Below are some definitions that will be used throughout the explanations:

1✴️Ghunnah (nasal sound): This is the sound that comes out from your nose when pronouncing certain letters. Pinch your nose so that you are unable to breathe from it. Now try saying words that start with ‘m’ or ‘n’. You will feel your nose vibrate if you hold that letter. Like saying “Mmmm” when seeing tasty food!

2✴️Sakinah/Sakin: This refers to a letter with sukoon.

For example: noon sakinah refers to the letter noon with sukoon نْ

Basic rules of Tajweed in English
The Islamic scientists have classified the Quran Tajweed rules as follows:

1. Noon and Meem Moshaddadah:
This rule is put for the letters noon (ن) and meem (م) which have a shaddah mark (نّ / مّ ) with Ghunnah of 2 beats.

2. Al Qalqalah:
This rule is put for the vibration in the sound at the end of pronunciation of some letters: Qaaf (ق), Ttaa(ط), Baa(ب), Jiim(ج) or Daal(د). This can be applied when in the case of sukoon or shaddah. And it includes minor, medium, and major.

3. Noon Sakinah and Tanween:
This rule is put for the letter noon (ن) with a sukoon mark. Tanween is the pronouncing of a noon sakinah at the end of the word without writing noon (اً). And it includes Izhaar, Idghaam, Iqlaab, and Ikhfaa.

4. Meem Sakinah:
This rule is put for the letter meem (م) with a sukoon mark on it. And it includes Ikhfaa Shafawy, Idghaam Shafawy, and Izhar Shafawy.

5. Prolongation:
It means giving the letter from two to six beats according to its type.

6. Heavy and light letters:
The Arabic letters are classified into heavy and light letters according to the method of pronunciation.

7. Laam Shamsyiah & Qamaryiah (ل):
It has only two clear rules: Izhar and Idgaam

8. Al Hamzah (أ):
There are two types of hamzah: Hamza-tul Oata’ and it can be at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of the word. Hamzah-tul Wasl which exists at the beginning of the words and dropped when continuing.

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Definition of Tajweed:---

Tajweed (تجويد) is an Arabic term meaning “to improve” or “to make better.”In the context of the Qur'an, it refers to:

"The set of rules governing the correct pronunciation of the letters with all their qualities and applying the various traditional methods of recitation."

Explain:---
Tajweed is the science that teaches how to articulate every letter from its correct point of origin (makhraj), along with its proper characteristics (sifat), so that the recitation of the Qur’an is accurate and melodious, as it was revealed and as the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) recited.

Purpose:
- To preserve the original pronunciation of the Qur'an.
- To avoid changing meanings due to mispronunciation.
- To enhance beauty and reverence in recitation.

نون ساکن اور تنوین کے قواعد:
نون ساکن اور تنوین کےچار قواعد ہیں۔
1۔ اظہارِ حلقی۔ 2۔ ادغام ۔ 3۔ اقلاب۔ 4۔ اخفاء حقیقی۔
1۔ اظہارِ حلقی:
لغوی معنی: " ظاہر کرنا"۔
اصطلاحی معنی: نْ اور تنوین کی آواز کو اس طرح ظاہر کرنا کہ بغیر غنّہ کے ادا ہو۔
حروف: "ء ، ہ ، ع ، ح ، غ ، خ "۔
قاعدہ: نْ اور تنوین کے بعد اگر حرفِ حلقی میں سے کوئی بھی حرف آجائے تو نْ اور تنوین کی آواز کو ظاہر کر کے پڑھیں گے۔
مثالیں: سَوَآءٌ عَلَيْـهِـمْ ، عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ
2۔ ادغام:
لغوی معنی: "ملانا، داخل کرنا"۔
اصطلاحی معنی: نْ اور تنوین کی آواز کو داخل کرنا ۔
حروف: "ی ، ر ، م ، ل ، و ، ن"۔ ان کا مجموعہ "یرملون " ہے۔
اقسام: ادغام کی" دو "اقسام ہیں۔ ا۔ ادغام مع الغنّہ۔ ب۔ ادغام بلا غنّہ۔
ا۔ ادغام مع الغنّہ:
قاعدہ: نْ اور تنوین کے بعد اگر" ی، و، م، ن" میں سے کوئی بھی حرف آجائے تو نْ اور تنوین کی آواز کو ملا کر پڑھیں گےاور غنّہ کریں گے۔
مثالیں: فِرَاشًا وَّالسَّمَآءَ ، بِسُوْرَةٍ مِّنْ مِّثْلِه۔
ب۔ ادغام بلا غنّہ:
قاعدہ: نْ اور تنوین کے بعد اگر" ل "اور "ر" آجائے تو نْ اور تنوین کی آواز کو ملا کر پڑھیں گےلیکن غنّہ نہیں کریں گے۔
مثالیں: وَلٰكِنْ لَّا يَعْلَمُوْنَ، مِّنْ رَّبِّـهِـمْ ۔
3۔ اقلاب:
لغوی معنی: "بدلنا"۔
اصطلاحی معنی: نْ اور تنوین کی آواز کو "م" سے بدلنا۔
حرف: "ب"
قاعدہ: نْ اور تنوین کے بعد اگر حرف "ب" آجائے تو نْ اور تنوین کی آواز کو حرف " م " سے بدل کر پڑھیں گے۔
مثالیں: وَاللّـٰهُ مُحِيْطٌ بِالْكَافِـرِيْنَ، مِن بَعْدِ مِيثَاقِهِ
4۔ اخفاء حقیقی:
لغوی معنی: " چھپانا"۔
اصطلاحی معنی: نْ اور تنوین کی آواز کو چھپانا۔
حروف: حروفِ حلقی، حروفِ یرملون، الف اور حرف "ب" کے علاوہ باقی تمام حروف۔
قاعدہ: نْ اور تنوین کے بعد اگر حرفِ اخفاء میں سے کوئی بھی حرف آجائے تو نْ اور تنوین کی آواز کو چھپا کر پڑھیں گے۔
مثالیں: مِنْ قَبْلِكُمْ ، مَآءً فَاَخْرَجَ
٭٭٭٭٭
اظہارِ مطلق:
قاعدہ: نْ اور تنوین کے بعد اگر حرفِ یرملون ایک ہی کلمے میں آجائیں تو وہاں اظہارِ مطلق ہوگا۔ ادغام ہمیشہ دو کلموں میں ہوتا ہے ۔ لیکن جہاں دونوں ایک ہی کلمے میں آجائیں وہاں ادغام نہیں بلکہ اظہار ہوگا۔ اسے اظہارِ مطلق کہتے ہیں۔ یہ اظہار پورے قرآن میں چار جگہوں میں آتا ہے۔
مثالیں: بُنْیَانٌ ، صِنْوَانٌ ، قِنْوَانٌ ، الدُّنْیَا۔