Chemistry House

07/05/2026

04/05/2026

BASIC FOUNDATIONS OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS

📌 Topic: Atomic Structure Recap (Protons, Neutrons, Electrons)

An atom is the fundamental building block of matter. It consists of a dense nucleus at the center containing protons and neutrons, while electrons revolve around the nucleus in specific energy levels called shells.

🔹 Protons (p⁺):
Positively charged particles located in the nucleus. They determine the atomic number and identity of an element.

🔹 Neutrons (n⁰):
Neutral particles found in the nucleus. They contribute to the mass and stability of the atom.

🔹 Electrons (e⁻):
Negatively charged particles moving around the nucleus. They are responsible for chemical bonding and properties.

💡 Key Concept:
Almost all the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus, while electrons occupy most of the space.

📚 Recommended Books:
S.L. Kapoor | Kenneth S. Krane | Arthur Beiser

📞 Contact: 03019746667
📢 Must follow Physics House page for more notes

04/05/2026

BASIC FOUNDATIONS OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS

📌 Topic: Nuclear Size, Radius, and Density

The nucleus is extremely small compared to the atom but contains almost all of its mass.

🔹 Nuclear Size:
Measured in femtometers (1 fm = 10⁻¹⁵ m). The nucleus is about 100,000 times smaller than the atom.

🔹 Nuclear Radius:
The radius of a nucleus is given by the empirical relation:
R = R₀ A^(1/3)

Where:
R = Nuclear radius
R₀ ≈ 1.2 fm
A = Mass number

🔹 Nuclear Density:
Density of nucleus is nearly constant for all elements:
ρ ≈ 2.3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³

💡 Key Concept:
As mass number increases, nuclear radius increases, but density remains almost constant.

📚 Recommended Books:
S.L. Kapoor | Kenneth S. Krane | Arthur Beiser

📞 Contact: 03019746667
📢 Must follow Physics House page for more notes