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08/08/2026

قرآنِ کریم، اسلامی تصوف، اور اخلاقیات کی روشنی میں انسانی نفس کی ترقی، تربیت اور کیفیات کی بنیاد پر نفس کی تین بنیادی قسمیں (یا تین کیفیات) بیان کی گئی ہیں:

1. نفسِ امارہ (برائی پر اُکسانے والا نفس)
یہ نفس کی ابتدائی اور خام حالت ہے، جس میں انسان اپنی خواہشات، جذبات اور حیوانی تقاضوں کا غلام ہوتا ہے۔ یہ نفس انسان کو برائی، سرکشی اور نافرمانی کی طرف رغبت دلاتا ہے۔
قرآنی حوالہ:
إِنَّ النَّفْسَ لَأَمَّارَةٌ بِالسُّوءِ (سورۃ یوسف: 53)"بیشک نفس تو برائی کا بہت زیادہ حکم دینے والا ہے۔"
خصائص و علامات:
خواہشاتِ نفسانی اور سرکشی کا غلبہ۔اچھے اور برے کی تمیز کے بغیر فوری تسکین کی تلاش۔گناہ کرنے کے بعد پشیمانی یا ندامت کا احساس نہ ہونا۔
اصلاح کا طریقہ:
مجاہدہ، ضبطِ نفس، عبادات کی پابندی اور اپنی خواہشات پر شرعی و اخلاقی حدود عائد کرنا۔

2. نفسِ لوامہ (ملامت کرنے والا نفس)
یہ نفس کی وہ حالت ہے جہاں انسان کے اندر ضمیر (Conscience) بیدار ہو جاتا ہے۔ جب انسان سے کوئی غلطی یا گناہ سرزد ہوتا ہے تو اس کا نفس اندر سے اسے ملامت کرتا ہے اور توبہ کی طرف مائل کرتا ہے۔
قرآنی حوالہ:
وَلَا أُقْسِمُ بِالنَّفْسِ اللَّوَّامَةِ (سورۃ القیامۃ: 2)"اور میں ملامت کرنے والے نفس کی قسم کھاتا ہوں۔"
خصائص و علامات:
گناہ اور نیکی کے درمیان کشمکش۔غلطی پر ندامت، شرمندگی اور استغفار کا جذبہ۔خود احتسابی (Self-criticism) کا فعال ہونا۔اصلاح کا طریقہ:
کثرتِ استغفار، نیک لوگوں کی صحبت اور مسلسل خود احتسابی تاکہ انسان گناہ سے یکسر نکل کر سکون پائے۔

3. نفسِ مطمئنہ (اطمینان پا جانے والا نفس)
یہ نفس کا اعلیٰ ترین اور تزکیہ شدہ مقام ہے۔ اس مرحلے پر انسان کی خواہشات اللہ تعالی کی رضا کے تابع ہو جاتی ہیں۔ گناہ کی رغبت ختم ہو جاتی ہے اور دل کو کامل اطمینان، سکون اور یقین حاصل ہوتا ہے۔
قرآنی حوالہ:
يَا أَيَّتُهَا النَّفْسُ الْمُطْمَئِنَّةُ ۝ ارْجِعِي إِلَىٰ رَبِّكِ رَاضِيَةً مَّرْضِيَّةً (سورۃ الفجر: 27-28)"اے اطمینان والی روح! اپنے رب کی طرف لوٹ جا، اس حال میں کہ تو اس سے راضی ہو اور وہ تجھ سے راضی ہو۔"
خصائص و علامات:
اللہ کی رضا اور تقدیر پر کامل اطمینان۔تمام حالات (خوشی و غمی) میں صبر اور شکر۔نیکی اور اطاعت میں لذت اور سکون محسوس ہونا
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BERNOULLI PRINCIPLE 🌹❤️♥️

Bernoulli's principle has applications in flight, fluid flow measurement, and everyday devices. It is used to explain how airplane wings generate lift by creating lower pressure above the wing where air moves faster, and it is applied in devices like Venturi meters and Pitot tubes to measure flow rate by relating fluid velocity and pressure.
Common examples include atomizers, the effect of wind on buildings, and the curve of a spinning ball in sports.

A. Aviation and aerodynamics
1. Airplane lift: The curved shape of an airplane wing forces air to move faster over the top surface than the bottom, creating a low-pressure area above the wing and a high-pressure area below, which results in an upward lifting force.
2. Pitot tubes: These are used to measure an aircraft's airspeed by utilizing Bernoulli's principle to determine the difference between the static pressure and the total pressure of the airflow.
Fluid flow measurement and devices
3. Venturi meters: These devices measure the flow rate of fluid through a pipe. As the pipe narrows, the fluid velocity increases, and the pressure decreases, which can be measured to calculate the flow rate.
Atomizers and perfume sprayers: When you squeeze the bulb, air rushes over a narrow tube, creating low pressure. This pressure difference pulls the liquid up the tube to be sprayed as a mist.
4. Carburetors: These use a Venturi-like tube to draw fuel into the airstream, mixing them to form the combustible mixture for an engine.

Other applications
1. Sports: The curve on a spinning ball (like a baseball or soccer ball) is due to the pressure difference created by the air flowing faster on one side than the other, a direct result of Bernoulli's principle.
2. Cyclones: During a strong cyclone, the high wind speed creates low pressure outside the house, while the pressure inside remains higher. This pressure difference can cause the roof to be "lifted off".
3. Ships: Two passing ships experience a force that pushes them towards each other because the water moving faster between them creates a lower pressure zone compared to the higher pressure on their outer sides.
4. Blood flow: The principle helps explain how blood pressure decreases in areas where arteries are constricted and blood flow velocity is high.
Source: Wikipedia

01/07/2026

A brief history of Quantum computers 👇

1905: Albert Einstein explains the photoelectric effect and suggests that light consists of quantum particles or photons

1924: Max Born uses the term quantum mechanics for the first time

1925: Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan formulate matrix mechanics, the first formulation of quantum mechanics

1925-1927: Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg develop the Copenhagen interpretation, one of the earliest and most common interpretations of quantum mechanics

1930: Paul Dirac publishes The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, a standard textbook on quantum theory

1935: Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen publish a paper highlighting the counterintuitive nature of quantum superposition and arguing that quantum mechanics is incomplete

1935: Erwin Schrödinger develops a thought experiment involving a cat that is simultaneously dead and alive, and coins the term “quantum entanglement”

1944: John von Neumann publishes Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, a rigorous mathematical framework for quantum theory

1957: Hugh Everett proposes the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which suggests that every possible outcome of a quantum measurement actually occurs in a parallel universe

1961: Rolf Landauer shows that erasing a bit of information dissipates a minimum amount of energy, known as Landauer’s principle

1965: John Bell proves that quantum entanglement cannot be explained by any local hidden variable theory, known as Bell’s theorem

1973: Alexander Holevo proves that n qubits cannot carry more than n classical bits of information, known as Holevo’s theorem or Holevo’s bound

1980: Paul Benioff proposes a model of a quantum Turing machine, a theoretical device that can perform any computation using quantum mechanical principles

1981: Richard Feynman suggests that simulating quantum systems would require a new type of computer based on quantum mechanics

1982: David Deutsch generalizes Benioff’s model and proposes the concept of a universal quantum computer

1984: Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard develop a protocol for quantum key distribution, which allows two parties to securely exchange cryptographic keys using quantum states

1985: David Deutsch and Richard Jozsa devise an algorithm that can solve a specific problem faster than any classical algorithm, known as the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm

1991: Artur Ekert proposes another protocol for quantum key distribution based on quantum entanglement, known as the E91 protocol

1992: David Deutsch and Richard Jozsa extend their algorithm to handle multiple inputs, known as the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm

1994: Peter Shor discovers an algorithm that can factor large numbers in polynomial time using a quantum computer, known as Shor’s algorithm

1996: Lov Grover invents an algorithm that can search an unsorted database in square root time using a quantum computer, known as Grover’s algorithm

1997: Isaac Chuang, Neil Gershenfeld, and Mark Kubinec demonstrate the first implementation of Shor’s algorithm using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques

2000: David DiVincenzo proposes five criteria for building a practical quantum computer, known as the DiVincenzo criteria

2001: IBM researchers implement Grover’s algorithm using NMR techniques and achieve a modest speedup over classical algorithms

2007: D-Wave Systems claims to have built the first commercial quantum computer, but its validity is disputed by many experts

2019: Google announces that it has achieved quantum supremacy by performing a calculation on a 53-qubit quantum processor that would take a classical supercomputer thousands of years to complete

2020: IBM demonstrates that its 65-qubit quantum processor can perform calculations beyond the reach of any classical computer

📷 An IBM QC photographed by James Estrin