Al Mustafa Forces Academy, Jacobabad

شبیر علیہ السلام کا مقصد جو سمجھ لیتا زمانہ۔۔۔
قرآن کو سمجھنے میں یہ دشواری نہ ہوتی۔۔۔
ناموں سے محمد صلی اللہ علیہ وآلہ وسلم کو جو پہچانتی دنیا ۔۔۔
بی بی سلام علیہ کے کھلے سر پہ یہ سنگ باری نہ ہوتی ۔۔۔

of Imam e Hussain a.s

Regards: Academy Instructor, Director and faculty

Al Mustafa Forces Academy, Jacobabad

"محرم الحرام"
پردہ کرنے سے سجدہ کرنے تک۔۔۔
عشق کامل سے گھر نچھاور کرے تک۔۔۔۔
قوم کو بیدار کرنے سے فقط خوف اللہ رب العزت سمجھناے تک۔۔۔۔

حق و سچ کی درس گاھ۔۔۔کربلا


Regards;
Director Sir Sikandar Ali Mahar, Instructor Sir Mohsin Ali Rind & Virtual Team

Al Mustafa Forces Academy, Jacobabad

"Islamic Studies"
Topic: Public Administration & Governance in Islam

• Definitions

Marx defines administration as - Administration is determined action taken in pursuit of a conscious purpose. It is the systematic ordering of affairs and the calculated use of resources aimed at making those happen which one wants to happen.

Governance has been defined to refer to structures and processes that are designed to ensure accountability, transparency, responsiveness, rule of law, stability, equity and inclusiveness, empowerment, and broad-based participation. Governance also represents the norms, values and rules of the game through which public affairs are managed in a manner that is transparent, participatory, inclusive and responsive. (Source UNESCO)

a. Shariah

i. Shari’ah, or Islamic law, is the "centerpiece and backbone of the religion of Islam."
ii. A branch of religious knowledge called fiqh, or understanding, is the theoretical foundation of Shari’ah
iii. Usul al-fiqh, or sources of law, define the principles and methods on which it is based.
iv. Fuqaha are the class of Muslim scholars who dealt in theoretical Islamic law, or fiqh, a judge (qadi) serves in a court, while a m***i gives legal responses (fatwa) to people’s questions. Say, "O Allah , Owner of Sovereignty, You give sovereignty to whom You will and You take sovereignty away from whom You will. You honor whom You will and You humble whom You will. In Your hand is [all] good. Indeed, You are over all things competent." (3:26)

b. Muslim Jurist’s qualifications and authority
i. A jurist has to master many branches of knowledge, extensive study of Quran and Sunnah and must know how to interpret these sources.
ii. Thorough knowledge of the Arabic language and its grammar.
iii. Other disciplines such as logic, history and general knowledge as well as specialized areas like commerce or international relations might be important in deciding specific cases.
iv. Knowing the history of the law and the schools of law, their differences and legal precedents (decisions of other jurists in the past)
v. The source of a Muslim jurist’s authority comes only from their recognized knowledge not from the government, not from a central religious authority
vi. Any Muslim consulting a jurist on some matter is responsible for following his or her own conscience
vii. Judges’ rulings are not the foundation of Islamic law, but only its application to specific cases.

2) The Caliph
i. Supreme head of the state
ii. Powers and Authoriy: determined by religious and temporal functions
iv. Religious Functions: religious finctions determined his secular position and power; to be imam and deliver khutbah at Friday prayers
iii. Other Duties; collection of revenues, construction of canals, issuing new coins

3) The Shura
i. Composition:
Consultative body; it combined executive and legislative functions
ii. Functions: Consult them in affairs (of moment). Then, when you have to take a decision put the trust in Allah. For Allah loves those who put their trust (in Him). (Quran, Al-Imran, 3:159)
iii. Ad hoc nature: “Who obey their Lord, attend to their prayers and conduct their affairs with mutual consultation”. 42:38

4) Central Government and its departments
i. Diwan-ul-Kharaj
ii. Diwan-ul-Jund
iii. Diwan-ul-Khatm
iv. Diwan-ul-Mustaghallast
v. Diwan-ul-Barid
vi. Diwan-ul-Rasail
vii. Diwan-ul-Hisbah

5) Secretaries/Ministers

6) Provincial Administration
i. ‘Wali’ Title of provincial governor
ii. Officers beside governors were; The Treasury Officer (Sahib-i-BAitulMal); The Revenue Collector (Sahib-e-Kharaj); The chief police officer (Sahib-ahadath); The Judge (Al-Qazi)
iii. District Administration; officer called Amir

7) Judiciary
i. Qazi completely free of executive administration
ii. You who believe! show integrity for the sake of Allah, bearing witness with justice. Do not let hatred for a people incite you into not being just. Be just. That is closer to taqwa. Fear [and respect] Allah. Allah is aware of what you do (Surat al-Maida, 8)
8) Police
i. Verily, Allah enjoins justice, and the doing of good to others;
and giving like kindred; and forbids indecency and manifest
evil and transgression. (Ch.16:V.91)

• Responsibilities of Civil Servants

i. Key functionaries need to be people of high caliber, just and energetic
ii. According to Hazrat Ali (R.A) they should possess qualities of
refinement, alertness. Serenity, freedom from lust etc.
iii. A public servant in Islam is a responsible person and maintains and
implements law and order
iv. His responsibilities are to dispense justice, called zakat and other taxes

• Responsibilities of Civil Servants in Islam

i. To uphold the Islamic religion and Shariah
1. First duty to uphold shariah
2. If anyone makes a mistake in religious matters, Imam should try to correct him
3. "And hold firmly to the rope of Allah all together and do not become divided. And remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and you became, by His favor, brothers. And you were on the edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it. Thus does Allah make clear to you His verses that you may be guided." (3:103)

Source(s):
1. Youtube Channel "Quick Review CSS PMS" for Public Administration and Governance Concept in Islam
2. Islamic Studies (Revised) Syllabus compiled notes by Ayesha Younas
3. Islamic Studies Textbooks of Federal Govt
4. Islamic Studies Textbook by Caravan Series by Hafiz Karim Dad Chughtai (PAS)

Contact & WhatsApp
03113933823
Sir Mohsin Ali Rind (Instructor)
Address: Shahi Bazar, Jacobabad

Al Mustafa Forces Academy, Jacobabad

Article "Memogate Scandal reveals civil-military spilts"
By AP, Published November 18, 2011, in DawnNews

ISLAMABAD: Publication (تشہیر) of a secret memo asking Washington for help reining (بھاگ دوڑ، لگام) in the Pakistani military further ignited (آگ لگانا، حرارت سے چمک پیدا کرنا) a scandal Friday threatening Pakistan's US ambassador and exposing the rift (شگاف) between its shaky government and the country's powerful generals.
The ambassador, Husain Haqqani, has denied having anything to do with a memo delivered to the US military chief asking for help with the military because of the domestic turmoil (کھلبلی، ہلچل) triggered by the US raid that killed al-Qaeda founder Osama bin Laden.
The ''memogate'' scandal is adding to pressures on the already deeply unpopular government. Some analysts have speculated (رائے رکھنا، خیال کرنا، منصوبہ کرنا) that President Asif Ali Zardari himself could be in danger if charges that he signed off on the memo gain traction(چلایا جانا).
''The target is not me, the target is President Zardari and Pakistani democracy,'' Haqqani said. Though Pakistan has a civilian president, the military retains (مقرر کرنا، رکھنا) vast political and economic power.
It has ruled Pakistan, directly or indirectly, for most of its six-decade existence, and fiercely (تیزی سے) resisted attempts by civilian leaders to curb (روکنا) its role. Haqqani is alleged to have written a memo to Adm. Mike Mullen, the top US military officer at the time, asking for his assistance in installing a ''new security team'' in Islamabad that would be friendly to Washington.
A Pakistani English-language newspaper and Foreign Policy's website on Friday published the text of the memo. After initially denying any knowledge of the document, Mullen's spokesman confirmed he received it but ignored it because it was not credible.
Haqqani insists he had nothing to do with the memo. If authentic, it would reinforce politically toxic charges that the government is colluding (مل جانا، سازش کرنا) with the United States against the interests of the country and its army. Though Washington pumps huge amounts of aid into the country, the US is highly unpopular there.
The affair has been whipped up (کوڑے مارنا) by critics of the government and those close to the military. Haqqani has offered to resign over the affair, and Zardari could become a target if claims that he approved the memo prove credible.
Some say Zardari will have no choice but to dismiss Haqqani, a close ally. Zardari's spokesman said Thursday that the government had not decided what action, if any, to take against the envoy (قاصد، نائب), who has been summoned to Islamabad to explain the scandal.
The Pakistani newspaper also printed what it said were transcripts (نقل، رسید) of Blackberry messenger conversations between Haqqani and Mansoor Ijaz, a US citizen of Pakistani origin who claims to have delivered the memo to Mullen via an intermediary, on the orders of Haqqani.
The conversations show Haqqani allegedly discussing the wording of the memo with Ijaz and telling him to go ahead. ''Ball is in play now. Make sure you have protected your flanks (کوکھ، پہاڑ کے دونوں جانب),'' Ijaz allegedly tells Haqqani after handing over the memo.
The memo also accuses Pakistan army chief Gen. Ashfaq Pervez Kayani of plotting to bring down the government in the aftermath of the bin Laden assassination, which led to intense (تیز، دلی) and highly unusual domestic criticism of the army. It asks Mullen for his ''direct intervention'' with Kayani to stop this.
Some analysts have questioned the logic of this, suggesting the affair is a conspiracy cooked up by the military to embarrass (شرمندہ کرنا) the government or remove Haqqani.
''Could Haqqani/Zardari be that staggeringly (مذبذب حالت میں ڈگمگاتے ہوئے) out of touch with reality,'' wrote Cyril Almeida, a political commentator, in Dawn newspaper. ''The more likely, though far from certain scenario? The boys (the army establishment) are up to their tricks again.''
Ijaz initially broke the news of the scandal himself in an Oct. 10 column in the Financial Times, adding to the general murkiness (تاریکی) surrounding the affair.
He claimed in an interview with Dawn that he wrote the column to defend Mullen's criticism of Pakistan's alleged support for militants and mentioned the memo to strengthen his argument.
Ijaz has a history of making claims to be well connected with US politicians. Under the Clinton administration, he said US officials told him Sudan was willing to turn over then-fugitive bin Laden, who was taking refuge there.
Ijaz said Clinton National Security Adviser Sandy Berger rejected the deal because he was unwilling to do business with Sudan —a claim that Berger immediately denied.
Ansar Abbasi, a newspaper editor often said to be a proxy (نائب، مختار) for the military establishment, said if Haqqani is involved in the affair, he should be tried for treason(اپنے ملک سے غداری).

Contact & WhatsApp
03113933823
Sir Mohsin Ali Rind (Instructor)
Address: Shahi Bazar, Jacobabad

Al Mustafa Forces Academy, Jacobabad



"Islamic Studies"
Topic: Rise of Extremism

"Thus, have We made of you an ummat justly balanced, that
you might be witnesses over the nations, and the Messenger a
witness over yourselves" (Al Quran ~ 2:143)

• Definition of Extremism

Extremism is "the quality or state of being extreme" or "the advocacy of extreme measures or views". The term is primarily used in a political or religious sense to refer to an ideology that is considered to be far outside the mainstream attitudes of society. It can also be used in an economic context.

Note: The text does not contain or intend to go against any religion sect, or factions with hatred content. This is for basic understanding of manipulation of masses with "I am right, rest are wrong concept", whether to perceive political, economical, regional or religious supremacy.

• A Classical Example of Extremism in Religion: The Khawarij and Other Such Groups;

a. Political tendencies in which Islam was used as means to justify their ideology and actions, in order to seek legitimacy for a range of social movements.
b. Khawarij (Kharajites), the Mutzalities, the Qadriya etc., were extreme and imbalanced in terms of ideology and interpretation of Islamic Sources.
c. The Khawarijs seem to be very pious but their ideological deviation was an extreme i.e. they considered almost all other muslims as Kafirs
and even apostates, whose blood, they believed, to be shed.
d. Faulty method of reasoning.

- The Salafiyya movement is a conservative, Islahi (reform) movement within Sunnī Islam that emerged in the second half of the 19th century and advocate a return to the traditions of the "devout ancestors" (Salaf al-Salih).
- In recent years, Jihadi-Salafist doctrines have often been associated with the armed insurgencies of Islamic extremist movements and terrorist organizations targeting innocent civilians, both Muslims and Non-Muslims, such as al-Qaeda, ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh, Boko Haram, etc.

• Extremism / Terrorism in Other Religions

1. Christian terrorism, a form of religious terrorism, comprises terrorist acts which are committed by groups or individuals who profess Christian motivations or goals. Christian terrorist groups include paramilitary organizations, cults, and loose groups of people that might come together in order to attempt to terrorize other groups. Some groups also encourage unaffiliated individuals to commit terrorist acts.
- On 16 July 2001, Peter James Knight walked into the East Melbourne Fertility Clinic, a private abortion provider, carrying a rifle and other weapons including 16 litres of kerosene, three lighters, torches, 30 gags, and a handwritten note that read "We regret to advise that as a result of a fatal accident involving some members of staff, we have been forced to cancel all appointments today".
- After the American Civil War of 1861–1865, former Confederate soldiers founded the Ku Klux Klan (K*K) organization. Originally, the Ku Klux Klan was a social club, but a year after it was founded, it was taken over by "night rider" elements. It then began to commit acts of violence which included arson, beatings, the destruction of property, lynchings, murder, r**e, tarring and feathering, whipping, and voter intimidation.
- In 1996, three men who claimed to be Phineas priests—Charles Barbee, Robert Berry and Jay Merelle—were charged with two bank robberies and bombings at the banks, the bombing of a Spokane newspaper, and the bombing of a Planned Parenthood clinic in Washington state.

2. Hindu terrorism, sometimes called Hindutva terror or, metonymically, saffron terror, comprises terrorist acts carried out on the basis of motivations in broad association with Hinduism. Such acts have principally been perpetrated by members, or alleged members, of Hindu nationalist organisations such as Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh or Abhinav Bharat.
- Twin blasts shook two coaches of the Samjhauta Express around midnight on 18 February 2007. Sixty-eight people were killed in the ensuing fire and dozens were injured.
- On 8 January 2011, Swami Aseemanand, a pracharak of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), confessed that he was involved in the bombing of Samjhauta Express, a statement he later claimed to have made under duress.
- The Ajmer Dargah blast occurred on 11 October 2007, outside the Dargah (shrine) of Sufi saint Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer, Rajasthan, allegedly by the Hindutva organisation Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and its groups.
- At The Annual Conference of Director Generals of Police held in New Delhi on 16 September 2011, a special director of the Intelligence Bureau (IB) reportedly informed the state police chiefs that Hindutva activists have either been suspected or are under investigation in 16 incidents of bomb blasts in the country.

3. Extremism in Jewish

According to Mark Burgess (a Center for Defense Information research analyst), the 1st century Jewish political and religious movement called Zealotry was one of the first examples of the use of terrorism by Jews. The most extremist groups of Zealots were called Sicarii.
- The phenomenon of price tag attacks began around 2008. These are hate crimes committed by extremist settler Jewish Israelis that usually involve the destruction of property or hateful graffiti, particularly targeting property associated with Arabs, Christians, secular Israelis, and Israeli soldiers. The name was derived from the words "Price tag" which may be scrawled on the site of the attack — with the allegation that the attack was a "price" for settlements the government forced them to give up and revenge for Palestinian attacks on settlers.
- Brit HaKanaim (Hebrew: בְּרִית הַקַנַאִים, lit. Covenant of the Zealots) was a radical religious Jewish underground organization which operated in Israel between 1950 and 1953, against the widespread trend of secularisation in the country.
- Gush Emunim Underground (1979–1984): formed by members of the Israeli political movement Gush Emunim. This group is most well known for two actions: firstly, for bomb attacks on the mayors of West Bank cities on 2 June 1980, and secondly, an abandoned plot to blow up the Temple Mount mosques.
- Sicarii, an Israeli terrorist group founded in 1989 who made arson and graffiti attacks on leftist Jewish politicians.
- "The Revolt" terror group: Members of the Jewish "Revolt" terror group claim the secular State of Israel has no right to existence.

Source(s):
1. Youtube Channel "Self Study Pk"
2. "Rise of Extremism" by Compiled Notes of Ayesha Younas of Islamic Studies
3. Caravan Series Textbook of Islamic Studies
4. Google "Wikipedia"

Contact & WhatsApp
03113933823
Sir Mohsin Ali Rind (Instructor)

Al Mustafa Forces Academy, Jacobabad



"Pakistan Affairs"
Topic: Era of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto - Nationalization Policy; Causes and Effects...

1. An short introduction of Mr. Bhutto

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (5 January 1928 – 4 April 1979) was a Pakistani barrister, politician and statesman (Professionally a "Lawyer") who served as the fourth president of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973, and later as the ninth prime minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977. He was the founder of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) and served as its chairman until his ex*****on.
- 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan (14 August 1973 – 5 July 1977)
- 4th President & Cheif Martial Law Administrator (20 December 1971 – 13 August 1973)
- 1st Deputy Prime Minister (7 December 1971 – 20 December 1971)
- 7th Speaker of National Assembly (14 April 1972 – 15 August 1972)
- 8th & 12th Foreign Minister (15 June 1963 – 31 August 1966, 20 December 1971 – 28 March 1977)

In six traumatic years of Z A Bhutto, 31 key industrial units, 13 banks, over a dozen insurance companies, 10 shipping companies and two petroleum companies were nationalized, out of which at least 22 industrial units, 9 banks, 9 insurance companies, 3 shipping companies and 2 petroleum companies belonged to the 22 families. Nasim Saigol claimed in the interview with the author that Saigols lost 70% of their assets in Bhutto's nationalization.

- Units taken over in Karachi

1. Steel Corporation of Pakistan Fancy
2. Hyeson's Steel Hyesons
3. Ali Automobiles Jaffer Bros
4. Kandawala Industries
5. ROK Industries
6. Haroon Industries Haroon
7. Wazir Ali Industries Packages
8. Gandhara Industries Bibojee
9. Indus Chemical and Industries
10. Valika Cement Valika
11. Karachi Gas Fancy
12. Valika Chemicals Valika
13. Karachi Electric Fancy-Jaffer Bros
14. National Refinery
15. Pakistan Fertilizer Corporation Jaffer Bros

- Units taken over in Punjab and NWFP

16. BECO C.M.Latif
17. M.K.Foundary
18. Ittefaq Foundry Ittefaq
19. Rana Tractors
20. United Chemicals Saigol
21. Pakistan Cement Saigol
22. Ismaeel Cement Colony
23. Central Iron and Steel Works
24. Valika Steel Works Valika
25. Jaffer Steel Corporation Jaffer Bros
26. Pakistan Progressiv Cement Wah Colony
27. Pakistan progressive Cement Dandot Colony
28. Rawal Pindi Electrics
29. Modern Steel Muredke
30. Multan Electric Supply Colony
31. Karim Industries Nowshehr Nishat

- Nationalized Banks and their ownership

1. Habib Bank Ltd. Habib
2. United Bank Ltd Saigol
3. Muslim Commercial Bank Adamjee
4. Australasia Bank Colony
5. Premier Bank Arag
6. Habib Bank Overseas Habib
7. Commerce Bank Ltd Fancy
8. Memon Cooperative Bank Dawood
9. Lahore Commercial Bank Dawood
10. Punjab Cooperative Bank Dawood
11. Pakistan Bank Ltd Dawood
12. Bank of Bahawal Pur Dawood
13. Standards Bank

- Natioanlized Insurance Companies

1. Eastern Federal Union (EFU) Arag
2. United Insurance Valika
3. New Jubilee Fancy
4. Adamjee Insurance Adamjee
5. Habib Isurance Habib
6. Premier Crescent
7. Central Dawood
8. IGI Packages
9. Union Nishat

- Nationalized Shipping Companies

1. Pan Islamic Shipping Arag Industries
2. United Oriental Shipping Arag Industries
3. Trans Ocean Shipping
4. Mohammadi Shipping Arag Industries
5. Pakistan Shipping
6. East and West Shipping
7. Gulf Steam Shipping
8. Chittgong Shipping
9. Crescent Shipping Crescent

The Nationalisation process in Pakistan (or historically simply regarded as the "Nationalisation in Pakistan") was a policy measure programme in the economic history of Pakistan, made Pakistan's industrialization worst and lifted the trust of businessmen and investors. It first introduced, promulgated and implemented by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Pakistan Peoples' Party to lay the foundation of socialist economics reforms to improve the growth of national economy of Pakistan. Since the 1950s, the country had undergone a speedy industrialisation and became an industrial paradise in Asia. But, as time progressed, the labour trade unions and labour-working class had increasingly strained relations with the industrial business oligarch class, having neglected to improve working conditions and failing to provide a healthy and safe environment for the workers in these industrial industries.
The nationalisation programme began on 2 January 1972, with a vision to promote economic democracy, liberalisation, and an initial mainstream goal to put Pakistan in line with state progressivism. Ended effectively in 1977, the nationalisation programme was again put forward by Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in 1996, and most recently by then-current Prime minister Yousaf Raza Gillani in 2012 who activated the programme to bring three major megacorporations (Steel Mills, Railways and International Airlines) under government ownership in an attempt to improve its structure and to alleviate its profitable process.

2. Downfall of Mr. Bhutto's Governance

Bhutto began facing considerable criticism and increasing unpopularity as his term progressed. Initially targeting the opposition leader Abdul Wali Khan and his National Awami Party (NAP), a democratic socialist party. This started with the federal government's ousting of the NAP provincial government in Balochistan for alleged secessionist activities, and ended with the ban on the NAP.
Between the 1974 and 1976, many of Bhutto's original members had left Bhutto due to political differences or natural death causes. On 8 January 1977, the opposition organized into the Pakistan National Alliance (PNA), a nine-party coalition against the government of Bhutto and his allies.
On 3 July 1977, military general Khalid Mahmud Arif secretly met Bhutto, revealing that the planning of a coup had been taking place in the General Combatant Headquarters (GHQ). At this secret meeting, General Arif encouraged Bhutto to "rush the negotiation with the PNA, before it's too late".

On 3 September, the Army arrested Bhutto again on charges of authorising the murder of a political opponent in March 1974. A 35-year-old politician Ahmed Raza Kasuri and his family had been ambushed, leaving Kasuri's father, Nawab Muhammad Ahmad Khan Kasuri, dead. Kasuri claimed that he was the actual target, accusing Bhutto of orchestrating the attack.
Proceedings began on 24 October 1977. Masood Mahmood, the director general of the Federal Security Force (since renamed the Federal Investigation Agency), testified against Bhutto.
On 18 March 1978, Bhutto was declared guilty of murder, and was sentenced to death.

• Appeal to Civil Martial Law Administrator / President to Change Death Sentence into Life Imprisonment

On 24 March 1979 the Supreme Court dismissed the appeal. Zia upheld the death sentence (Zia stated that the appeal got missing). Bhutto was hanged at Central Jail Rawalpindi, on 4 April 1979, after suffering severe torture in jail which resulted in vomiting and severe pain in chest, and was buried at his family mausoleum in Garhi Khuda Baksh (Larkana, Sindh).

Source(s):
1. Youtube "Nationalization Policy"
2. Dawn Newspaper
3. Google "Wikipedia, History Pak & The NewYork Times Websites"
4. Hussain Haqani's Book "Pakistan between Mosque and Military"
5. Pakistan Studies Textbook of Federal Govt

Contact & WhatsApp
03113933823
Sir Mohsin Ali Rind (Instructor)

Al Mustafa Forces Academy, Jacobabad

us for more opportunities "Alert & Opportunity"

Contact & WhatsApp
03113933823
Sir Mohsin Ali Rind (Instructor)
Address: Shahi Bazar, Jacobabad

Al Mustafa Forces Academy, Jacobabad

Assalam o Alaikum

May Allah mystically enchant you and your family with jubilance, accolade and prosperity, smiles and placid at every step of life....

HaPpY E!D uL AzHa

Contact & WhatsApp
03113933823
Sir Mohsin Ali Rind (Instructor)
Address: Shahi Bazar, Jacobabad

Al Mustafa Forces Academy, Jacobabad

"CSS Solved Idiomatic Expressions"
Paper: 1976

1. In a doldrums
Meaning: Depressed, Dull and listless
آفسردہ، مایوس

2. Dole out / On the dole
Meaning: Receiving payment from government as a relief
بطور معاوضہ سرکار سے پیسے لینا

3. At cross purposes
Meaning: With aims or goals that conflict or interfere with one another
ایک دوسرے کے متصام یا موافق

4. Succinctly
Meaning: With concise and precise brevity to the point
مختصر طور پہ

5. Plain sailing
Meaning: Easy going, Straightforward, Unobstructed progress
آرام دہ، بغیر مذاحمت، صاف صاف

Join us for preparations of syllabus (1st to 8th), commissioning in Military, Cadet College Entry test, Civil Jobs & much more

Contact & WhatsApp
03113933823
Sir Mohsin Ali Rind (Instructor)
Address: Shahi Bazar, Jacobabad

Al Mustafa Forces Academy, Jacobabad

"CSS Solved Idiomatic Expressions"
Paper: 1975

1. To snow one's wild oats
Meaning: Behave foolishly, immoderately, promiscuously when you
بے وقوفی سے سلوک کرنا، جوانی میں آوارہ گردی سلیقے سے پیش آنا

2. Storm in a tea cup
Meaning: Exaggeration of a small problem more than reality
بڑا چڑھا کے بات پیش کرنا، چھوٹی سی الجھن کو طوفان بنا کے پیش کرنا

3. To keep late hours
Meaning: Stay awake until at late night
رات کو دیر تک جاگنا

4. To throw cold water on
Meaning: Discourage, Remove hope from
بد دل کرنا، امید ختم کرنا

5. A c**k and bull story
Meaning: An unbelievable tale that is intended to deceive
گمراہ کرنے کی نیت سے ناقابل یقین کہانی

6. To bear the burnt of
Meaning: Put up with the worst of some bad circumstances
کچھ بڑے حالات کے برے ترین وقت کو برداشت کرنا

7. Tied to apron-strings of
Meaning: Wholly depended upon or controlled by a woman, especially one's mother or wife
مکمل طور پر ماں یا بیوی کے ماتحت یا قابو میں ہونا

8. To move heaven and earth
Meaning: Exert the utmost efforts
ہر ممکن کوشش کرنا، ایڑی چوٹی کا زور لگانا

9. To blow one's own/one's trumpet
Meaning: Self-promoting manner
اپنے منہ میاں مٹھو بننا، اپنی صفات کے پل باندھنا

10. To rest on one's laurels
Meaning: Rely on one's past achievement, as a way avoiding the work needed to advance one's status
کسی کے نام کی مالا جپ کے آرام کرنا

For More Intresting Information
Join us at our Academy
Contact & WhatsApp
03113933823
Sir Mohsin Ali Rind (Instructor)
Address: Shahi Bazar, Jacobabad

Al Mustafa Forces Academy, Jacobabad

"General Science & Ability (GS&A)"
Topic: Climate Change & Global Warming: Challenges to Pakistan

The terms “global warming” and “climate change” are sometimes used interchangeably, but "global warming" is only one aspect of climate change.

“Global warming” refers to the long-term warming of the planet. Global temperature shows a well-documented rise since the early 20th century and most notably since the late 1970s. Worldwide since 1880, the average surface temperature has risen about 1°C (about 2°F), relative to the mid-20th century baseline (of 1951-1980). This is on top of about an additional 0.15°C of warming from between 1750 and 1880.

1. Causes of Climate Change

Burning fossil fuels, cutting down forests and farming livestock are increasingly influencing the climate and the earth’s temperature.
This adds enormous amounts of greenhouse gases to those naturally occurring in the atmosphere, increasing the greenhouse effect and global warming.

2. Greenhouse Gases

Many of these greenhouse gases occur naturally, but human activities are increasing the concentrations of some of them in the atmosphere, in particular:

carbon dioxide (CO2)
methane
nitrous oxide
fluorinated gases

Challenges to Pakistan

Climate change in Pakistan is a major issue for the country. Pakistan is highly vulnerable to climate change. As with the changing climate in South Asia as a whole, the climate of Pakistan has changed over the past several decades, with significant impacts on the environment and people. In addition to increased heat, drought and extreme weather in parts of the country, the melting of glaciers in the Himalayas has impacted some of the important rivers of Pakistan. Between 1999 and 2018, Pakistan ranked 5th in the countries affected by extreme weather caused by climate change.

- In May 2022, a severe heatwave was recorded in Pakistan and India. The temperature reached 51°C. Climate change makes such heatwaves 100 times more likely. Without climate change heatwaves, more severe that those who occurred in 2010 are expected to arrive 1 time in 312 years. Now they are expected to occur every 3 years.
- Extreme weather, such as cyclones or intense monsoons are likely to increase in Pakistan because of increased sea and atmospheric temperature. For example, between 1998 and 2018 Pakistan reported more than 150 extreme weather events.
- In 2022 catastrophic floods hit the country. The main causes were increased precipitation and glaciers melting fueled by climate change. 33 million people were affected.
- Sea level rise along the Karachi coast is estimated at 1.1 mm per year (mm/year) for the period 1856–2000 according to the National Institute of Oceanography, Pakistan.
- Glacial retreat in parts of the Himalayas poses risks of meltwater flooding. In 2020, melting of a glacier in Shispare led to evacuations of the village of Hassanabad, Hunza. A 2014 remote sensing study suggested the situation of glaciers in Pakistan varies between regions of the country.

Source(s):
1. Youtube Channel "CSS PMS with Amna"
2. Google (Wikipedia)
3. UNO Reports of last 3 years
4. American Metrological Department

For More Awareness
Contact & WhatsApp
03113933823
Sir Mohsin Ali Rind (Instructor)
Address: Shahi Bazar, Jacobabad