Daily Discovery

30/01/2024

ejang
BACK
مسئلہ فلسطین عالمی عدالت انصاف میں
پیرفاروق بہاوالحق
30 جنوری ، 2024FacebookTwitterWhatsapp
مسئلہ فلسطین عالمی دنیا کے ماتھے پر ایک ایسا بد نما داغ بن چکا ہے جس کو مٹانے کے لیے شاید صدیاں لگ جائیں۔عالمی طاقتوں کا دہرا معیار،مسلم امہ کی بے حسی، مغرب کی طوطا چشمی،اپنوں کی بے وفائی اور غیروں کی سنگ دلی نے مسئلہ فلسطین کو ایک انسانی المیہ بنا دیا ہے۔یوں تو تمام عالمی ادارے مغرب کی خواہشات کے غلام ہیں اور انہی کے مفادات کو پورا کرنے کے لیے سرگرم عمل ہیں۔کشمیر میں انسانی حقوق کی خلاف ورزی ہو یا غزہ میں بے گناہ انسانوں کا قتل عام،عالمی عدالت انصاف یا دیگر عالمی اداروں کے کان پر جوں تک نہیں رینگتی۔اقوام متحدہ اور اس کے تمام ذیلی ادارے محض مذمتی بیانات تک محدود ہیں۔ غزہ میں اسرائیلی حملوں اور انسانی حقوق کی مسلسل خلاف ورزیوں پر امریکہ سمیت تمام مغربی طاقتوں کی خاموش حمایت نے انسانی حقوق کے علمبردار ہونے کی قلعی کھول دی ہے اور عالمی امن کے ٹھیکیداروں کے چہرے سے بھی نقاب اتار کے رکھ دیا ہے۔ امریکہ سمیت تمام با اثر عالمی قوتوں نے اقوام متحدہ کو اپنے مفادات کے محافظ کے طور پر رکھا ہوا ہے اور یہ عالمی ٹھیکے دار جب اور جہاں چاہیں اقوام متحدہ کو اپنے مفادات کے تحفظ کے لیے استعمال کرتے ہیں۔ان حالات میں عالمی عدالت انصاف نے گزشتہ دنوں ایک اہم فیصلہ دے کر امید کی ایک نئی کرن پیدا کی ہے۔جب مسلم امہ اور عالمی دنیا فلسطینیوں کی مسئلہ کے حوالے سے کوئی مثبت کردار ادا نہ کر سکے، مسلم امہ بھی خاموشی کے ساتھ تماشہ دیکھتی رہے،عالمی امن کے ٹھیکیدار فلسطینیوں کی نسل کشی رکوانے میں مکمل طور پر ناکام رہے تو جنوبی افریقہ نے ایک تاریخی قدم اٹھاتے ہوئے غزہ میں انسانی حقوق کی خلاف ورزیوں اور فلسطینیوں کی نسل کشی کے حوالے سے اسرائیل کے خلاف عالمی عدالت انصاف سے رجوع کیا۔گزشتہ سال کے آخری ایام میں جنوبی افریقہ نے عالمی عدالت انصاف میں اس حوالے سے شکایت درج کرائی۔جنوبی افریقہ کے صدر راما فوسا نے عالمی عدالت انصاف سے درخواست کی کہ وہ اسرائیل کو جنگ بندی کا حکم دے اس کے جنگی جرائم اور نسل کشی جیسے جرائم کی تحقیقات کا مطالبہ کرے۔جنوبی افریقہ کا اپنی درخواست میں یہ کہنا تھا کہ اسرائیل غزہ میں جنگی جرائم اور نسل کشی کا ارتکاب کر رہا ہے۔ ہسپتالوں اور دیگر انفراسٹرکچر کو تباہ کر دیا گیا ہے۔ ہزاروں فلسطینی موت کے گھاٹ اتر چکے ہیں۔لہذا اسرائیل کو نسل کشی کے جرائم سے روکا جائے اور اس کے خلاف تحقیقات کا آغاز کیا جائے۔اسرائیل نے یہ موقف اختیار کیا کہ ہم صرف دفاعی کارروائیاں کر رہے ہیں اور ان جرائم کا ارتکاب نہیں کر رہے۔عالمی عدالت انصاف کے 17 رکنی پینل میں سے 16 ججز موجود تھے۔جن میں سے 15 ججوں نے متفقہ فیصلہ دیا جبکہ دو ججز نے اختلافی نوٹ جاری کیا۔عالمی عدالت انصاف نے قرار دیا کہ غزہ میں شامل تمام فریق عدالتی احکامات کے پابند ہیں۔عدالت نے تسلیم کیا کہ جنوبی افریقہ کے عائد کردہ الزامات درست ہیں اور غزہ میں اسرائیلی حملوں میں بڑے پیمانے پر بے گناہ شہری شہید ہوئے ہیں۔عالمی عدالت انصاف نے مزید کہا کہ عدالت غزہ میں انسانی المیے کی حدت سے آگاہ ہے اور ہم اسرائیل کے اس دعوے کو مسترد کرتے ہیں کہ غزہ میں انسانی حقوق کی خلاف ورزیاں نہیں ہو رہیں۔۔یوں تو فلسطینیوں کے خلاف اسرائیلی کارروائیوں کی ایک لمبی تاریخ ہے تاہم 7 اکتوبر کے بعد غزہ میں بڑے پیمانے پر تباہی کا سلسلہ شروع ہوا ہزاروں افراد شہید ہوئے۔63 ہزار سے زائد افراد زخمی ہوئے۔9 اکتوبر کو اسرائیلی وزیر دفاع نے غزہ کے محاصرے کا اعلان کیا بجلی اور پانی کی سپلائی معطل کر دی۔ ہسپتالوں کو بھی نہ بخشا گیا اسپتالوں میں زیر علاج مریضوں زخمیوں اور بچوں کو بھی شہید کیا گیا۔یہاں پر ایک ایسے المیہ نے جنم لیا جس کی ماضی قریب میں مثال نہیں ملتی۔یہ ایک خوش آئند امر ہے کہ عالمی عدالت انصاف نے فلسطینیوں کا موقف تسلیم کیا اور انہوں نے اپنے فیصلے میں لکھا کہ عدالت غزہ میں فلسطینیوں کو نسل کشی سے محفوظ رکھنے کا حق تسلیم کرتی ہے اور اسے نسل کشی کنونشن کے تحت یہ کیس سننے کا اختیار حاصل ہے انہوں نے اپنے تاریخی فیصلے میں قرار دیا کہ اسرائیل کے خلاف غزہ میں نسل کشی کا کیس خارج نہیں کریں گے اور نسل کشی کنونشن پر عمل درآمد کرنے کے لیے اسرائیل کو ہنگامی احکامات جاری کیے اور حکم دیا کہ وہ اس نوعیت کے اقدامات سے اجتناب کرے۔عدالت نے یہ بھی قرار دیا کہ اسرائیل اس امر کا پابند ہے کہ وہ غزہ میں نسل کشی نہ کرے عدالت نے اسرائیل کو غزہ میں انسانی صورتحال بہتر بنانے کا بھی حکم دیا اور کہا کہ اس علاقے میں شہریوں کو ان مشکل حالات سے نکالنے اور بحران حل کرنے کے لیے اسرائیل اپنی ذمہ داریاں پوری کرے۔فلسطینی مسلمانوں کے لیے ہر دن قیامت کا دن بن کر طلوع ہوتا ہے۔ایک طرف تو وہ بنیادی انسانی سہولتوں سے محروم ہیں دوسری طرف اسرائیلیوں کی کارپٹ بمباری نے وہاں زندگی کے آثار ہی معدوم کر دیے ہیں۔عالمی عدالت انصاف نے اگرچہ جنگ بندی کا حکم نہیں دیا لیکن امید کی کرن پیدا ہوئی ہے کہ کہیں سے تو فلسطینیوں کے لیے ٹھنڈی ہوا کا جھونکا آیا ہے۔
(کالم نگار کے نام کیساتھ ایس ایم ایس اور واٹس ایپ رائےدیں00923004647998)

مزید خبریں
انتخابات سے قبل دھاندلی کی بازگشت
پاکستان کے عام انتخابات کے حوالے سے ایک سوال بیرون ملک آباد ہر پاکستانی کے ذہن میں ابھر کر سامنے آ رہا ہے..

30/01/2024

# **Detailed SUMMARY of the "Manchurian candidates," Aqdas Afzal, January 29th, 2024**:

The article explores the concept of "Manchurian candidates" inspired by the iconic 1962 film and its 2004 remake, emphasizing the relevance of the film's themes to today's democratic challenges. It reflects on the state of democracy globally in 2024, highlighting concerns about democratic backsliding and a 'democratic recession' in many nations. The V-dem Institute's Democracy Report indicates a decline in the quality of democracy, specifically citing negative changes in freedom of expression, media censorship, repression of civil society, and election quality. The article delves into historical perspectives, mentioning Charles Tilly's explanation of state formation and the marriage of convenience between capitalism and democracy. It discusses how capitalist elites, with the decline of competing economic systems, are using populists as "modern-day Manchurian candidates" to influence democracy for their benefit, jeopardizing its protective role. The piece analyzes examples like the "Citizens United" decision in the US, linking capitalism's encirclement of democracy to economic challenges and the global growth slowdown. The article also anticipates the potential impact of upcoming elections, particularly in the US and India, where Donald Trump and Narendra Modi, labeled as populists, raise concerns about democracy's future.

# **Easy/Short SUMMARY**:

The article discusses the relevance of the film "The Manchurian Candidate" to today's global democratic challenges. It highlights the decline in democracy's quality worldwide, citing factors like media censorship and repression of civil society. The piece explores the historical connection between capitalism and democracy and how capitalist elites are using populists as "modern-day Manchurian candidates" to influence democracy. It anticipates challenges in upcoming elections, particularly in the US and India, emphasizing the potential impact on democracy's future.

# **SOLUTIONS of The Problem**:
# # *Strengthening Campaign Finance Regulations*
Countries can revisit and strengthen campaign finance regulations to prevent excessive influence from corporations and interest groups, ensuring a more balanced democratic process.

# # *Promoting Civic Education*
Invest in civic education programs to enhance public awareness and understanding of democratic principles, empowering citizens to make informed choices.

# # *Addressing Economic Inequalities*
Governments should focus on policies that address economic inequalities, ensuring that the benefits of economic growth are shared more equitably among the population.

# # *Strengthening Checks and Balances*
Reinforce checks and balances within political systems to prevent the concentration of power, safeguarding democratic institutions from potential abuse.

# # *Encouraging Media Pluralism*
Promote media pluralism and independence to counter government censorship, allowing diverse voices and perspectives in public discourse.

# **IMPORTANT Facts and Figures Given in the article**:

- The film "The Manchurian Candidate" (1962) and its 2004 remake serve as inspirations for discussing the challenges to democracy.
- Over four billion people in more than 70 countries, including Brazil, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, the US, and the UK, will participate in elections in 2024.
- The V-dem Institute's Democracy Report indicates a decline in the quality of democracy globally, reaching 1986 levels.
- Negative changes are observed in freedom of expression, media censorship, civil society repression, and election quality.
- Charles Tilly's explanation connects state formation and the marriage of convenience between capitalism and democracy.
- The "Citizens United vs Federal Election Commission" (2010) decision in the US is cited as an example of capitalism's encirclement of democracy.
- The global economy is anticipated to experience its weakest growth in 30 years, according to the World Bank.
- Populist leaders like Donald Trump in the US and Narendra Modi in India raise concerns about potential threats to democracy.

# **MCQs from the Article**:
# # # 1. **What is the main concern highlighted in the article regarding democracy in 2024?**
A. Economic inequality
B. Media censorship
**C. Democratic backsliding**
D. Campaign finance restrictions

# # # 2. **Which decision from the US Supreme Court is mentioned as an example of capitalism's impact on democracy?**
A. Roe v. Wade (1973)
**B. Citizens United vs Federal Election Commission (2010)**
C. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
D. Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

# # # 3. **Who coined the term 'democratic recession' mentioned in the article?**
A. Charles Tilly
B. Thomas Piketty
**C. Larry Diamond**
D. Aqdas Afzal

# # # 4. **What historical perspective does Charles Tilly provide in the article?**
A. State formation and economic growth
B. The decline of capitalism
**C. The marriage of convenience between capitalism and democracy**
D. The impact of populism on global economies

# # # 5. **Which two populist leaders are specifically mentioned as potential threats to democracy in the upcoming elections?**
A. Angela Merkel and Emmanuel Macron
**B. Donald Trump and Narendra Modi**
C. Boris Johnson and Justin Trudeau
D. Jair Bolsonaro and Xi Jinping

# **VOCABULARY**:
1. **Brainwashed** (verb) (دماغی): Manipulated or controlled through intensive persuasion or indoctrination.
2. **Iconic** (adjective) (نمائشی): Widely recognized and well-established, often representing a symbol or significant meaning.
3. **Paranoia** (noun) (جذباتی پریشانی): Excessive and irrational mistrust or suspicion of others.
4. **Democratic Backsliding** (noun) (جمہوری پلٹنا): The decline or regression of democratic principles and practices.
5. **Encirclement** (noun) (گھیرا بندی): The action of surrounding or enclosing something.
6. **Coup de Grâce** (noun) (حتمی ضرب): The final, decisive blow or action that brings a situation to its conclusion.
7. **Predation** (noun) (غارت گری): The action of preying on others, often for economic gain.
8. **Indoctrination** (noun) (سکھانا): The process of teaching or instilling a set of beliefs or ideas, often with a specific agenda.
9. **Plummeting** (verb) (گرنا): Experiencing a rapid and steep decline or fall.
10. **Regressive** (adjective) (واپسی): Tending to return to a previous or less advanced state.
11. **Anticipates** (verb) (توقع کر

نا): Foresees or expects something to happen and prepares for it.
12. **Insecurities** (noun) (غیر یقینی): Feelings of uncertainty or vulnerability.
13. **Dismantling** (verb) (تشکیل ہٹانا): Gradually taking apart or disassembling a system or structure.
14. **Populists** (noun) (جماعت پسند): Political leaders who claim to represent the common people against established elites.
15. **Equilibrium** (noun) (توازن): A state of balance or stability between opposing forces or elements.

📢 **Attention Please!**
We appreciate your commitment to acquiring knowledge through our summaries. Please be reminded not to remove the attribution label affixed to this article. It is crucial to acknowledge the source and the effort invested in creating this summary. We discourage any unauthorized distribution without proper credit. Thank you for your understanding and cooperation. 🔍

⚡ **Explore More Summaries, Solutions, and Vocabulary Meanings!**
💡 Join our WhatsApp Channel for timely and comprehensive summaries of the latest articles, along with well-crafted solutions and helpful vocabulary meanings. Click the link below to join now:
🔗 [Dawn Article Summaries](https://cssmcqs.com/dawn-editorials-articles-summary-for-students-pdf-download/)
**WhatsApp Channel Link**
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va7tT3o35fLnJeFbpS2y

dawn.com
Manchurian candidates
Aqdas Afzal
7–8 minutes

THE Manchurian Candidate (1962) starring Frank Sinatra, Janet Leigh and Angela Lansbury — of Murder She Wrote fame — was one of the most iconic films of the Cold War era. Building on anti-communist paranoia, the story centres on Captain Shaw, a scion of a prominent political family, who is captured and brainwashed by communists during the Korean War. Shaw’s mother, the real puppet master, plans to use Shaw to carry out the assassination of the leading candidate in the elections so that communists can get their candidate — Manchurian candidate — to the White House with “...powers that will make martial law seem like anarchy”.

Though there was a remake of the film in 2004, its main message was buried by the sands of time. But, as more than half of the world’s population votes this year, the film’s themes centred on the fraught nature of democracy — political conspiracies, special interest and violence — remain as relevant today as during the height of the Cold War.

2024 is truly the ‘year of democracy’ as more than four billion people — including from Brazil, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, the US and UK comprising eight out of the 10 most populous nations — in over 70 countries will vote in elections. But, where this milestone should be celebrated, democracy appears to be in serious trouble.

For starters, the quality of democracy is plummeting almost everywhere. Most democracies are now suffering from democratic backsliding or a ‘democratic recession’, a term coined by Larry Diamond, a Stanford University professor.

Most democracies are now suffering from a ‘democratic recession’.

According to the latest Democracy Report by the V-dem Institute, advances made in democracy over the last 35 years have been wiped out and the level of democracy enjoyed by the average global citizen is down to 1986 levels. Specifically, drastic negative changes are taking place in freedom of expression, government censorship of media, government repression of civil society and in the quality of elections — many of which will have no meaningful policy impact.

In order to understand how we got here we are going to have to take a historical detour. Charles Tilly, an American academic, explained that the need to pay for pre-modern war forced state formation; a mechanism largely for extraction — conscription and taxation. In societies where capitalism was already entrenched, capitalists and merchants entered into a marriage of convenience with the state by enshrining democracy. They did so to protect their economic gains from state predation as democracy offered the best protection by allowing the people a say in the formation of extractive policies.

In unequal societies, however, the marriage of convenience between capitalism and democracy was not a marriage of equals; it remained tilted in favour of capitalism. Thomas Piketty pointed out how in the case of Sweden, money could literally buy political influence, albeit with some restrictions. But, once capitalism was no longer in the ring against another economic system in the post-Soviet era, capitalist elites, apparently, activated populists — or modern-day Manchurian candidates—for capturing democracy, the very system that had earlier generated protection for them, so as to close the door on redistributive taxation, forever.

At least in the case of the US, the best example of capitalism’s encirclement of democracy is evident in ‘Citizens United vs Federal Election Commission’ (2010), a controversial decision from the US supreme court that reversed century-old campaign finance restrictions enabling corporations and other groups to spend unlimited funds on elections.

Where government policies are increasingly being influenced by special interests impacting democracy’s quality, the global economic growth engine is also stalling. According to the World Bank, the global economy is poised for its weakest half-decade growth in 30 years. But, instead of placing capitalism on the chopping block, populists have turned the heat on democracy by claiming that it provides a disproportionate share of the economic pie to immigrants and minorities.

This cat-and-mouse game between capitalism and democracy will be played out in many countries this year. However, none of these elections have the potential to subvert democracy like in the US, where Donald Trump will likely be pitted against President Joe Biden, an unpopular and ageing candidate.

Once back in the White House, analysts argue, Donald Trump may weaponise the US Justice Department to go against political opponents. Civil rights, religious freedom as well as freedom of speech could all come under strain as Trump’s legal supporters are already developing procedural rationales like the unitary executive theory that may assist in bypassing various checks and balances in the US political system.

Given Trump’s protectionist ideas, Trump’s second term could prove disastrous for economic growth, especially if he decides to slap import tariffs on China and Europe. Additionally, if Trump’s foreign policy pronouncements are to be believed, the US could withdraw from Nato, leaving the field open for other hegemons. Indeed, some have likened Trump to a modern-day Manchurian candidate given his apparent paranoia of US intelligence agencies, while exhibiting trust in foreign governments.

In India, where the BJP’s win in the 2024 elections is “almost an inevitability”, Narendra Modi, another populist, has been capitalising on economic insecurities in the run-up to elections. Despite a high economic growth, the Indian economy has failed to create enough jobs — the unemployment rate has exceeded 10 per cent for the first time since the pandemic. Ramachandra Guha, an Indian historian, believes that if left unchallenged, the Modi regime “may come to be remembered … for its dismantling of Indian democracy”.

Democracy is increasingly appearing weak in the age of unbridled capitalism and populism. Will capitalism finally win by delivering a coup de grâce? The short answer is that all is not lost, at least not yet. Where the relationship between capitalism and democracy has evolved, with the former coming to dominate the latter, capitalism, too, will also face evolutionary pressure to settle on a new equilibrium with people power. Of course, this idea is based on a hope and a prayer that the voting publics will identify the populists for the Manchurian candidates that they really are.

The writer completed his doctorate in economics on a Fulbright scholarship.

[email protected]

X:

Published in Dawn, January 29th, 2024

Dawn News Articles Summaries for CSS Exam Preparation Get concise Dawn editorial summaries, solutions, and vocabulary meanings prepared by the Expert Team at CSSMCQs.com for your CSS exam preparation in PDF Download. Dawn News Articles Summaries | PDF Download Looking for a hassle-free way to stay i...

30/01/2024

# **Detailed SUMMARY of "Solving Sebutinde," Zarrar Khuhro, January 29th, 2024**:

The article discusses the controversial ICJ ruling against Israel, sparking a debate on its adequacy, especially among Palestinians facing Israeli actions. Notably, Judge Julia Sebutinde of Uganda dissented on all provisions, claiming the Israel-Palestine issue is a historical and political dispute beyond the court's jurisdiction. The writer explores possible explanations, pointing to Uganda's complex history with Israel, influenced by political dynamics. The article highlights Uganda's shifting relations with Israel and the impact of external factors, such as East Africa's divided public opinion on the Israel-Palestine conflict, often along religious lines. The author suggests the role of US-based evangelical churches in East Africa, supporting Israel and influencing Sebutinde's stance. These churches, with a considerable presence in impoverished countries, promote Christian Zionism, linking Israel's victory to biblical prophecies and the return of the messiah.

# **Easy/Short SUMMARY**:

The article examines the controversial ICJ ruling against Israel, with a focus on Judge Julia Sebutinde of Uganda, who dissented on all provisions. It discusses Uganda's historical ties with Israel, the influence of East Africa's public opinion on the Israel-Palestine conflict, and the role of US-based evangelical churches. These churches, promoting Christian Zionism, likely impact Sebutinde's pro-Israel stance, emphasizing the messianic significance of Israel's victory.

# **SOLUTIONS of The Problem**:
# # *Promote Neutrality in International Courts*
Encourage judges to approach cases without external influence, ensuring impartiality in decisions and avoiding alignment with geopolitical interests.

# # *Strengthen Judicial Ethics*
Implement and reinforce ethical guidelines for judges to maintain objectivity, prevent external pressures, and prioritize legal principles in their decisions.

# # *Public Opinion Awareness Campaigns*
Conduct campaigns to educate the public on the importance of judicial independence, reducing external influences on judges' decisions.

# # *Diversify Judicial Panels*
Promote diversity in international courts, including a variety of perspectives and backgrounds among judges, preventing potential biases.

# # *Transparent Judiciary*
Advocate for transparency in the judicial process, making judges' opinions and potential conflicts of interest publicly accessible to ensure accountability.

# # *Global Collaboration on Judicial Standards*
Facilitate international cooperation to establish and uphold universal standards for judicial independence and ethical conduct.

# # *Public Accountability Mechanisms*
Establish mechanisms for public scrutiny of judges' decisions, ensuring accountability and discouraging external interference.

# # *Educational Programs for Judges*
Provide continuous education on ethical standards, impartiality, and the avoidance of external influence for judges serving in international courts.

# # *Review and Reform Judicial Appointments*
Regularly review and reform the process of appointing judges to international courts, ensuring merit-based selections and reducing geopolitical influences.

# # *Global Dialogues on Judicial Independence*
Foster global dialogues and conferences focusing on maintaining judicial independence, encouraging shared values and practices among international judges.

# **IMPORTANT Facts and Figures Given in the article**:

- Judge Julia Sebutinde of Uganda dissented on every provision in the ICJ ruling against Israel.
- Uganda's relations with Israel have been turbulent, including a period of broken ties during Idi Amin's reign.
- Israel's significant footprint in Uganda includes operations in construction, communications, IT, and agriculture.
- US-based evangelical churches in East Africa support Israel, influencing local perspectives on the Israel-Palestine conflict.
- About 30% of Uganda's Christians, forming 85% of the population, were estimated to have joined evangelical movements a decade ago.
- East Africa's public opinion on the Israel-Palestine conflict is often divided along religious lines.
- Evangelical churches in East Africa promote Christian Zionism, linking Israel's victory to biblical prophecies and messianic beliefs.

# **MCQs from the Article**:
# # # 1. **Which judge dissented on every provision in the ICJ ruling against Israel?**
A. Israeli-origin ICJ judge
B. Judge from Palestine
**C. Julia Sebutinde of Uganda**
D. Chief Justice of ICJ

# # # 2. **What was Judge Sebutinde's primary argument in her dissenting opinion?**
A. Israel's military actions were justified.
B. The court lacked jurisdiction over the dispute.
**C. The Israel-Palestine issue was historical and political.**
D. Humanitarian aid to Gaza should not be provided.

# # # 3. **Which country is mentioned as having turbulent relations with Israel during Idi Amin's reign?**
A. Kenya
B. Tanzania
**C. Uganda**
D. Palestine

# # # 4. **What role did Uganda play in the Entebbe raid by Israeli commandoes?**
A. Opposed the raid
B. Provided support for the operation
**C. Remained neutral**
D. Condemned the operation

# # # 5. **What percentage of Uganda's Christians were estimated to have joined evangelical movements a decade ago?**
A. 10%
B. 20%
**C. 30%**
D. 40%

# **VOCABULARY**:
1. **Depredations** (noun) (غارت): Acts of attacking, plundering, or causing harm.
2. **Dissenting** (adjective) (مختلف رائے رکھنے والا): Expressing a different opinion or disagreement.
3. **Jurisdiction** (noun) (حکومتی حد): The official power to make legal decisions and judgments.
4. **Genocidal** (adjective) (عاملانہ قتل عام سے متعلق): Relating to the deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.
5. **Doctrine** (noun) (عقائد): A set of beliefs or principles held and taught by a particular group.
6. **Messianic** (adjective) (مسیحی): Relating to the messiah or the anticipated savior, especially in Christian theology.
7. **Providence Doctrine** (noun) (فراہمی عقیدہ): A belief linking faith in God to financial success.
8. **Doctrinal Difference** (noun) (عقائدی فرق): Variances or distinctions in beliefs, especially related to religious doctrines.
9. **Fanatical** (adjective) (جذباتی): Marked by excessive enthusiasm and often intense, uncritical devotion.
10. **Entebbe Raid** (noun) (انٹیب رےڈ): A military operation in 1976 to rescue hostages in Uganda.
11. **Messiah** (noun) (مسیح): In Abrahamic religions, the anticipated or prophesied savior or liberator.
12. **Tactically** (adverb) (حکمت عملی سے): In a way that relates to actions or strategies for achieving specific goals.
13. **Prominent** (adjective) (نمائندہ): Widely known, leading, or conspicuous.
14. **Seduce** (verb) (پھسلانا): To attract or entice someone into a particular behavior or action.
15. **Adequacy** (noun) (کفایت): The quality of being sufficient or suitable for a particular purpose.

📢 **Attention Please!**
We appreciate your commitment to acquiring knowledge through our summaries. Please be reminded not to remove the attribution label affixed to this article. It is crucial to acknowledge the source and the effort invested in creating this summary. We discourage any unauthorized distribution without proper credit. Thank you for your understanding and cooperation. 🔍

⚡ **Explore More Summaries, Solutions, and Vocabulary Meanings!**
💡 Join our WhatsApp Channel for timely and comprehensive summaries of the latest articles, along with well-crafted solutions and helpful vocabulary meanings. Click the link below to join now:
🔗 [Dawn Article Summaries](https://cssmcqs.com/dawn-editorials-articles-summary-for-students-pdf-download/)
**WhatsApp Channel Link**
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va7tT3o35fLnJeFbpS2y

dawn.com
Solving Sebutinde
Zarrar Khuhro
5–6 minutes

A FURIOUS debate is raging over the ICJ ruling against Israel, and whether it falls short of expectations by not explicitly calling for a ceasefire; certainly, it seems that most Palestinians who are facing the daily depredations of a genocidal Israel and its Western partners in crime have called the ruling unsatisfactory to say the least.

Leaving the nuances of the judgement for wiser minds to speak on, what was curious to me and many others was the sole judge who ruled against every single provision, including that of providing humanitarian aid to Gaza, something that even the Israeli-origin ICJ judge did not.

That judge was Julia Sebutinde of Uganda, the first female African judge to sit in the ICJ. In her dissenting opinion, she ruled that the “dispute” between Israel and the Palestinians was primarily a “historical and political” one and thus beyond the jurisdiction of the court, an opinion with which the bulk of the other judges disagreed. She went so far as to say that Israel’s massacres were not “committed with the necessary genocidal intent”, which leads one to believe that the worthy judge is willfully deaf and dumb and hadn’t seen a single statement from Israel’s leaders or even the TikTok videos posted by Israeli occupation forces.

What could possibly explain this? Before going into that, one must note that — while all courts are political to one extent or the other — this is particularly true of the ICJ, and the judges that sit there are, to varying degrees, influenced by not just personal ideology but also the prevailing political situations, and foreign policy planks, of their home countries.

One judge said that Israel did not act with genocidal intent.

Uganda has had turbulent relations with Israel over the years; during the bloody reign of Idi Amin, ties with Israel were broken off and in 1976 a passenger plane going from Tel Aviv to Paris was hijacked and brought to Uganda’s Entebbe airport, an action supported by Amin. Then followed the Entebbe raid by Israeli commandoes, which led to the rescue of 102 hostages. Kenya provided support for the operation; in retaliation for the humiliation he suffered, Idi Amin ordered his army to massacre Kenyans living in Uganda, killing close to 300, and forcing thousands to flee.

From this low point, Ugandan relations with Israel improved and have reached their zenith under the current president, the autocratic Yoveni Museveni, who restored full ties in 1994. Today, Israel has a considerable footprint in Uganda and Israeli companies operate in the fields of construction, communications, IT and agriculture, to name just a few. There is also considerable military cooperation between the two countries.

Public opinion in East Africa regarding the Israel-Palestinian conflict has historically been divided along religious lines, and generally speaking Muslims in this region tend to be supportive of Palestine while certain Christian churches (more on this later) have tended to favour Israel. Attacks by Al Shabaab and Al Qaeda affiliates in Kenya in particular, have also polarised and coloured views when it comes to Hamas and Palestine.

Michael Bishku, a professor of Middle Eastern and African history points out that in East African countries that possess a relatively democratic character, like Kenya and Tanzania, public opinion does tend to inform the stances taken by government. In the case of Kenya, President William Ruto initially strongly condemned Hamas, but later modified his tone by also condemning Israeli occupation and calling for a free Palestine. Even in autocratic Uganda, where public opinion counts for less, we have seen the government take pains to establish that Sebtinde’s ruling does not represent their official position.

One cannot gla­nce into Sebtinde’s mind and discern her motivations, but given her appr­oach one can somewhat safely assume that there is another factor in play when it comes to her blind support of Israel, and this is the increasing role of US-based evangelical churches in East Africa.

Over the years, these churches have poured millions of dollars into these largely impoverished countries, seducing people with their ‘prosperity doctrine’ which “links faith in God to financial success”. A decade ago, it was estimated that 30 per cent of Uganda’s Christians (who form 85pc of the population overall) had joined evangelical movements and that number is likely far higher now. All these groups, minor doctrinal difference notwithstanding, are fanatical Christian Zionists who believe that the messiah will not return until the Temple of Solomon has been rebuilt and that Israel’s absolute victory is a perquisite for that. After that, of course, all the Jews will be slaughtered or converted to the ‘true faith’ but for now, these groups are tactically allied to the Zionist regime.

The writer is a journalist.

X:

Published in Dawn, January 29th, 2024

Dawn News Articles Summaries for CSS Exam Preparation Get concise Dawn editorial summaries, solutions, and vocabulary meanings prepared by the Expert Team at CSSMCQs.com for your CSS exam preparation in PDF Download. Dawn News Articles Summaries | PDF Download Looking for a hassle-free way to stay i...