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Plant Growth Regulators

Plant growth regulators (also called plant hormones) are numerous chemical substances that profoundly influence the growth and differentiation of plant cells, tissues and organs. Plant growth regulators function as chemical messengers for intercellular communication . There are currently five recognized groups of plant hormones: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene. They work together coordinating the growth and development of cells. Ethylene is mainly involved in abscission and flower secscence in plants and is rarely used in plant tissue culture. In addition to the five principal growth regulators, two other groups sometimes appear to be active in regulating plant growth, the brassinosteroids and polyamines.

Auxins: Auxins stimulate cell elongation and influence a host of other developmental responses, such as root initiation, vascular differentiation, tropic responses, apical dominance and the development of auxiliary buds, flowers and fruits. Auxins are synthesized in the stem and root apices and transported through the plant axis. The principal auxin in plants is indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Several other indole derivatives, all as precursors to IAA, are known to express auxin activity, probably by converting to IAA in the tissue. Auxins in plant tissue culture are used to induce callus from explants , and cause root and shoot morphogenesis . Auxins are often most effective in eliciting their effects when combined with cytokinins.

Cytokinins: Cytokinins are able to stimulate cell division and induce shoot bud formation in tissue culture. They usually act as antagonists to auxins. (Cytokinins are N6 substituted derivatives of the nitrogenous purine base adenine.) Cytokinins most used in tissue culture include zeatin, adenine, 6-(g,g-dimethylallylamino)purine (2 iP) and kinetin. Cytoknins often inhibit embryogenesis and root induction.

Gibberellins: The main effect of gibberellins in plants is to cause stem elongation and flowering. They are also prominently involved in mobilization of endosperm reserves during early embryo growth and seed germination. Gibberellins are an extensive chemical family based on the ent-gibberellane structure. There exit over 80 different gibberellin compounds in plants but only giberrellic acid (GA3) and GA4+7 are often used in plant tissue culture. In tissue culture, gibberellins are used to induce organogenesis, particularly adventitious root formation.

Abscisic Acid: Abscisic acid (ABA) in plants is a terpenoid involved primarily in regulating seed germination, inducing storage protein synthesis and modulating water stress. In plant tissue culture, it is used to help somatic embryogenesis, particularly during maturation and germination.

Ethylene: Ethylene is a simple gaseous hydrocarbon with the chemical structure H2C=CH2. Ethylene is apparently not required for normal vegetative growth. However, it can have a significant impact on development of root and shoots. Usually, ethylene is not used in plant tissue culture.

Tomato Diversity

it is plan of B.T cotton crop........25% of our B.T cotton should be use for non B.t variety......so that insect pest moves towards the non B.T area and spray should be done on non B.T area............it is done to avid the resistance of insects against chemicals........to spray on only 25% area.......

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Propagating roses by cuttings is easy. Some say the secret of success is the humble potato! Before planting rose cuttings, push the bottom end into a small potato, which keeps the cuttings moist as they develop roots. It sounds crazy, but apparently it works really well.
Have any of you tried this?

Future f0r Hydr0p0nic.

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Peel-less Citrus; We can eat whole fruit without removing peel.

FRANCE: Saaten-Union has just obtained the listing of six new varieties of hybrid wheat. Three of these varieties - Hyfi, Hyrise and Hypod - will become available on the market in 2013.

How to Prune a Tomato
http://pakagri.blogspot.com/2013/03/how-to-prune-tomato.html