01/10/2026
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📚 *DAWN CSS/PMS VOCABULARY — 1 OCTOBER 2026*
> 🔖 *Prepared by CSSMCQs Team*
*Difficulty-First Selection | No Artificial Word Limit*
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📰 *1. Fixing Bond Markets*
1. *Sovereign* (خودمختار ریاست / حکومت سے متعلق) — Relating to a state or its government, especially its debt
2. *Diversification* (تنوع پیدا کرنا) — Spreading investment or activity across different areas
3. *Issuance* (اجرا) — Formal creation and offering of securities or financial instruments
4. *Liquidity* (نقد پذیری) — Ease with which an asset can be bought or sold without sharply affecting its price
5. *Repo* (مختصر مدتی دوبارہ خریداری کا معاہدہ) — A short-term financing arrangement involving sale and repurchase of securities
6. *Scrutiny* (باریک بینی سے جانچ) — Close and critical examination
7. *Maturities* (قرض کی تکمیل کی مدتیں) — Dates or periods when financial obligations become repayable
8. *Benchmarks* (معیاری پیمانے) — Reference standards used for comparison or pricing
9. *Overreliance* (حد سے زیادہ انحصار) — Excessive dependence on something
10. *Refinancing* (قرض کی نئی مالی ترتیب) — Replacing existing debt with new borrowing
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📰 *2. Misunderstanding Pakistan*
11. *Subjugation* (محکومی / زیرِ تسلط ہونا) — Being brought under domination or control
12. *Monolithic* (یکساں اور ایک ہی اکائی جیسا) — Treated as one uniform, indivisible whole
13. *Polity* (سیاسی نظام / منظم ریاستی معاشرہ) — An organised political community or system
14. *Sovereignty* (خودمختاری) — Supreme authority of a state or political community
15. *Epitomised* (بہترین نمائندگی کی) — Served as a perfect example or embodiment of something
16. *Crystallised* (واضح اور مضبوط شکل اختیار کی) — Became definite, clear or firmly established
17. *Pluralistic* (کثرتیت پر مبنی) — Accommodating different groups, cultures or viewpoints
18. *Cede* (اختیار یا علاقہ حوالے کرنا) — Give up or transfer power, territory or rights
19. *Akin* (مشابہ / مماثل) — Similar in nature or character
20. *Intrinsically* (بنیادی طور پر / فطری طور پر) — In a way that belongs naturally to something
21. *Genesis* (ابتدا / نقطۂ آغاز) — Origin or beginning of something
22. *Dismember* (ٹکڑے کرنا / تقسیم کرنا) — Break an organised whole into separate parts
23. *Arbiters* (فیصلہ کرنے والے بااختیار افراد) — People claiming authority to judge or decide
24. *Populace* (عوام / آبادی) — The general population of a country or area
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# # # 📰 *3. Refinery Upgradation Plans*
25. *Concessions* (رعایتیں) — Special advantages or favourable terms granted to someone
26. *Wheeling* (بجلی کی ترسیل کا انتظام) — Transmission of electricity through a network for another producer or buyer
27. *Limbo* (غیر یقینی تعطل) — A state of uncertainty in which progress is suspended
28. *Plank* (بنیادی پالیسی نکتہ) — An important component of a policy or programme
29. *Procurement* (خریداری کا باقاعدہ عمل) — Formal process of obtaining goods or services
30. *Lacklustre* (مایوس کن / بےاثر) — Showing little energy, success or enthusiasm
31. *Envisioned* (تصور کیا گیا) — Imagined or planned as a future possibility
32. *Equity* (حصصی سرمایہ) — Ownership value held by shareholders in a company
33. *Multilateral* (کئی فریقوں پر مشتمل) — Involving several countries or institutions
34. *Ratified* (باضابطہ منظوری دی گئی) — Formally approved or confirmed
35. *Compliance* (قواعد کی پابندی) — Acting according to rules, laws or agreed conditions
36. *Hinges* (منحصر ہونا) — Depends critically upon something
37. *Envisaged* (تصور شدہ / منصوبہ بند) — Thought of as a likely or intended future development
38. *Pitfalls* (چھپے ہوئے خطرات) — Problems or dangers that may not initially be obvious
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# # # 📰 *4. Three Revolutions*
39. *Detractors* (تنقید کرنے والے) — People who strongly criticise or diminish something
40. *Pre-eminence* (برتری / اعلیٰ ترین مقام) — Superior status or importance
41. *Faustian* (بڑے فائدے کے بدلے بھاری اخلاقی قیمت والا) — Involving the sacrifice of principles for power or advantage
42. *Discomfited* (پریشان / بے آرام کیا گیا) — Made uneasy, embarrassed or frustrated
43. *Perpetual* (دائمی / مسلسل) — Continuing indefinitely
44. *Malaise* (بے چینی / عمومی خرابی) — A general feeling of discomfort, weakness or dysfunction
45. *Upheavals* (بڑے سماجی و سیاسی انقلابات) — Major disturbances or dramatic changes
46. *Gruelling* (انتہائی تھکا دینے والا) — Extremely demanding and exhausting
47. *Cataclysms* (تباہ کن انقلابات / آفات) — Events causing enormous social or physical destruction
48. *Despoiling* (لوٹنا / برباد کرنا) — Stripping a place of valuable possessions
49. *Opulent* (انتہائی شاہانہ) — Rich, luxurious and expensive
50. *Sentinels* (پہرے دار) — Guards keeping watch over a place
51. *Insurrection* (مسلح بغاوت) — Violent uprising against established authority
52. *Privations* (شدید محرومیاں) — Lack of basic necessities or comforts
53. *Gaunt* (دبلا پتلا / لاغر) — Thin and worn-looking, often because of hardship
54. *Shrewdness* (ذہانت و معاملہ فہمی) — Ability to judge situations cleverly and accurately
55. *Embody* (عملی شکل پیش کرنا) — Represent or express an idea in a clear form
56. *Peasantry* (کسان طبقہ) — Rural farming population considered as a social class
57. *Presciently* (دوراندیشی سے) — In a way that correctly anticipates future developments
58. *Internecine* (باہمی تباہ کن) — Involving destructive conflict within the same group or society
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# # # 📰 *5. Fragile Cryosphere*
59. *Cryosphere* (زمین کا منجمد آبی حصہ) — Earth's frozen-water system, including glaciers, snow and ice
60. *Catastrophic* (تباہ کن) — Causing extremely serious destruction or damage
61. *Spawn* (پیدا کرنا) — Give rise to or generate something
62. *Vulnerability* (خطرے کی زد میں ہونے کی کیفیت) — Susceptibility to harm or damage
63. *Moraine* (گلیشیئر کا لایا ہوا ملبہ) — Rock and debris deposited or carried by a glacier
64. *Retreating* (پیچھے ہٹتا ہوا) — Shrinking or moving backwards, especially a glacier
65. *Manifestations* (ظاہری علامات) — Observable signs or expressions of a condition
66. *Aggravating* (مزید شدید کرنا) — Making an existing problem worse
67. *Runoff* (سطحی بہاؤ) — Water flowing over land rather than being absorbed
68. *Compounds* (مزید پیچیدہ یا شدید کرتا ہے) — Makes a problem worse by adding another factor
69. *Demographic* (آبادیاتی) — Relating to population size, structure or characteristics
70. *Relentless* (مسلسل / بےوقفہ) — Continuing without weakening or stopping
71. *Watershed* (آبی نکاسی کا علاقہ) — Land area from which water drains into a river or other body
72. *Avert* (روکنا / ٹالنا) — Prevent something undesirable from happening
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# # # 📰 *6. Homeward Bound*
73. *Captors* (اغوا یا قید کرنے والے) — People who seize and hold others prisoner
74. *Hapless* (بدقسمت / بے بس) — Unfortunate and unable to avoid trouble
75. *Averted* (ٹال دیا گیا) — Prevented from occurring
76. *Bittersweet* (خوشی اور غم کا ملا جلا احساس) — Combining pleasure with sadness
77. *Seajacks* (سمندری اغوا کی وارداتیں) — Hijackings or seizures of vessels at sea
78. *Subsided* (کم ہو گیا) — Became less intense or frequent
79. *Vengeance* (انتقام) — Punishment or retaliation for a perceived wrong
80. *Amplified* (زیادہ شدید / وسیع کیا گیا) — Increased in strength, scale or intensity
81. *Transnational* (بین الاقوامی سرحدوں سے ماورا) — Extending across national boundaries
82. *Perilous* (انتہائی خطرناک) — Full of serious danger
83. *Contingency* (ہنگامی امکان) — A possible future event requiring advance preparation
84. *Coercive* (جبر پر مبنی) — Using pressure, threats or force to obtain compliance
85. *Repercussions* (دور رس منفی نتائج) — Indirect or unintended consequences of an action
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# # # 📰 *7. Call Centre Rackets*
86. *Fraudulent* (دھوکہ دہی پر مبنی) — Dishonest and intended to deceive
87. *Dubious* (مشکوک) — Doubtful, suspicious or not trustworthy
88. *Extort* (دھمکی یا دباؤ سے مال حاصل کرنا) — Obtain money through threats, coercion or deception
89. *Unsuspecting* (خطرے سے بے خبر) — Not aware that something harmful or deceptive is happening
90. *Impersonating* (کسی اور کا روپ دھارنا) — Pretending to be another person
91. *Outfits* (تنظیمیں / گروہ) — Organisations or organised groups, often informal
92. *Epicentre* (مرکزی مقام) — The main centre where an activity or problem is concentrated
93. *Indiscriminate* (بلا امتیاز) — Done without carefully distinguishing between different people or cases
94. *Perpetuate* (جاری رکھنا) — Cause something harmful or undesirable to continue
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