Modern English Language Centre Proper Dir

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🛑English literature
IMPORTANT TERMS

♦️1:- Alliteration. The repetition of consonance in the begining of a sentence.

♦️2:- Assonance. The repetition of vowels in the begining of a sentence.

♦️3:- Allusion: references fr0m historic events, personality or place.

♦️4:- Dialect: the different pronounciati0n of the word.

♦️5:- Free verse: a poem having no regular meter and no rhyming scheme.

♦️6:- Blank verse. A poem having regular meter but n0 rhyming scheme.

♦️7:- Poetry. Best words in best orders

♦️8:- Ballad. A narative poem compose of quatrains. OR a narative poem having a story of hero and events.

♦️9:- Sonnet. A poem of 14 lines with rhyming scheme ABAB.

♦️10:- Hymm. A poem in which we praise God.
♦️11:- Couplet. Two lines having same rhyming scheme.

♦️12:- Wit. the act of loosing senses.

♦️13:- Paradox. Self contradictory statement.

♦️14:- Conceit. It is a figure of speech in two vastly different objects are linked together with the help of simile or metaphor.

♦️15:- Allegory. A literary term that is used to reveal hidden meanings.

♦️16:- Lyric. A poetry which used for music.

♦️17:- Epic. A long narrative poem which describe the story of hero. Like R**e of The Lock, Paradise Lost.

♦️18:- Acrostic poem. A poem in whch first letter of each line form a word.

♦️19:- Cinquin. A poem whch has five lines stanza. It has no rhyming scheme.

♦️20:- Clasicism. A poetry whch includes Greek And Latin civilizations.

♦️21 :- Ode. A poem that can be sung like a song.

♦️22:- Elegy. A poem of sorrows.

♦️23:- Pastoral. Song of shepherd.

♦️24:- Metaphysical. A spirtual and imaginary poetry. Beyond imagination.

♦️25:- Metaphor. Comparison without using like, as.

♦️26:- Simile. Comparison using words like, as

♦️27:- Accent. The tone of the speaker.

♦️28:- Protagonist. The hero of the novel or drama.

♦️29:- Antagonist. Villain of drama.

♦️30:- Irony. A speech having intended meanings different from actuality.

♦️31:- Hubris. Excessive pride.

♦️32:- Satire. to criticise someone's traits, behaviour etc

♦️33:- Renaisance. Era of 14th century to 17th century. Rebirth of knowledge, literature etc.

♦️34:- Mock epic. A long narrative poem based on criticism in a humouric way. Like R**e Of The Lock.

♦️35:- Hyperbole. Extreme exaggeration to increase the influence.

♦️36:- Paradox. Self contradictory statement.

♦️37:- Oxymoron. Two opposite words or ideas that are joined together. Like OPEN SECRET, TRAGIC C0MEDY.

♦️38:- Dactylic. A word of three syllables one long & two short.

♦️39:- Etymology. The devel0pment of any w0rd in respect to its historical background meanings.

♦️40:- Iambic pentameter. A line of verse with five metrical feet , each consisting of one short syllable followed by one long syllable.

Onomatopeia
Onomatopoeia refers to words which sound like that which they describe. Onomatopoeia creates a vivid reading experience, as words are automatic forms of sound imagery. Here are a few examples of onomatopoeia:

The explosion erupted with a boom!
The horses clip-clopped across the street.
Fall leaves rustled in the whistling

𝙁𝙄𝙂𝗨𝙍𝙀 𝙊𝙁 𝙎𝙋𝙀𝙀𝘾𝙃

𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝐃𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

A figure of speech is something which is used to convey a more deep or intense meaning. It is a phrase made up of two or more words which can add effect to the meaning of something and is used in a non literal sense. When using literal speech, the words and sentences explain what is happening literally, or in other words what is happening in reality. When we use a figure of speech to explain a situation, the words and sentences become non literal and do not convey what is actually happening but rather give a feeling as to what is happening.
An example to show the comparison between literal speech and a figure of speech would be:

𝐋𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥 – it is raining heavily.

𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐜𝐡 – it is 𝚛𝚊𝚒𝚗𝚒𝚗𝚐 𝚌𝚊𝚝𝚜 𝚊𝚗𝚍 𝚍𝚘𝚐𝚜

Whilst we know that it is not literally raining cats and dogs, the figure of speech adds an intensity to the meaning of the sentence and puts an emphasis on how much it is raining.
A figure of speech is a word or phrase which is used to describe something in a non-literal sense. These can be used as a literary device within a written text in order to explain something in a more artistic sense or they can be used in English speaking. In the latter, they are usually used to compare something, give advice or create a less literal description of something.
When used as a rhetorical device a figure of speech will give an opposite or different meaning to what is intended. It can also be used to convey a meaning or trigger emotion to the reader or listener.

*Figures of Speech*
Examples

There are various different types of figures of speech, whilst there are a large amount of types, there are ten more common ones which we see in both written and spoken English. They are:

𝗦𝗶𝗺𝗶𝗹𝗲: this makes a comparison between two things using the words like or as, for example ‘she shone as bright as the sun.’

𝗠𝗲𝘁𝗮𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗿 : makes a comparison between two things which have something in common, for example ‘the eyes are the window to the soul.’

𝗛𝘆𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗯𝗼𝗹𝗲 : uses an exaggeration to convey a more profound meaning, for example ‘I have a thousand things to do this morning.’

𝗢𝘅𝘆𝗺𝗼𝗿𝗼𝗻 : uses a two word phrase where the words contradict one another to give a positive meaning, for example ‘she is pretty ugly.’

𝗣𝘂𝗻 : a play on words, for example ‘a boiled egg for breakfast is hard to beat.’

𝗔𝗹𝗹𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 : uses repeated letter sounds throughout a sentence, for example ‘the high horse hopped along the highway.’

𝗢𝗻𝗼𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗽𝗼𝗲𝗶𝗮 : these are words which resemble the sound they are describing, for example ‘the car alarm went beep.’

𝗜𝗿𝗼𝗻𝘆 : the use of language which is the opposite of what is meant, for example ‘I love it when I drop my phone, how wonderful.’

𝗔𝗻𝗮𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗿𝗮 : the repetition of a word or phrase for rhythmic effect, for example ‘you must not stop, you must not wane, you must not fail.’

𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗲𝘀𝗶𝘀 : this makes a comparison or connection between two ideas in a sentence, for example ‘that is one small step for man and one giant leap for mankind.’

*Types of Figures of Speech*

There are different types of figures of speech and we are now going to look at those types, what they are and how to use them by looking at some examples of them being used in sentences.

𝗔𝗹𝗹𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻

Alliteration is when there is a repetition of sound within a phrase or sentence. Here are some examples of alliteration in use.

She sells seashells on the seashore

Peter piper picked a peck of pickled pepper

The dog dug deeper into the depths.

Nicky’s necklace nipped at her neck.

𝗔𝗻𝗮𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗿𝗮

Anaphora is when a word is repeated multiple times within a phrase. Here are some examples of anaphora in use.

Every morning, every afternoon and every evening I walk by the lake.

He had one apple, one banana and one pear.

My life is happy, my life is simple, my life is complete.

𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗲𝘀𝗶𝘀

Antithesis is applying a juxtaposition of ideas which are contrasting in a statement that is balanced. Here are some examples of antithesis in use.

Man proposes and God deposes.

Love is an ideal thing and marriage is a real thing.

That is one small step for man and one huge leap for mankind.

𝗔𝗽𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗲

Apostrophe is speaking to an object or item that is not alive as if it were in fact, alive. Here are some examples of apostrophe is use.

Oh come on you stupid door, just unlock.

Thank you oven, for helping me make this meal.

Come on trousers, you have to fit me.

𝗔𝘀𝘀𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲

Assonance is the similarity in sound between vowels in the middle of neighbouring words. Here are some examples of assonance in use.

How now, brown cow.

On the side of the hide.

Top of the pop

𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗮𝘀𝗺𝘂𝘀

Chiasmus is when two sentences are balanced against one another but with the words reversed. Here are some examples of chiasmus in use.

Work to live and do not live to work.

She went to town, off to town went she.

You forget what you want to remember yet you remember what you want to forget

𝗘𝘂𝗽𝗵𝗲𝗺𝗶𝘀𝗺

Euphemism is the replacement of a phrase which might be deemed offensive by one which implies the same meaning but does not carry offence with it. Here are some examples of euphemism in use.

Instead of ‘he died’ you would say ‘he passed away.’

Instead of ‘she had an abortion’ you would say ‘she terminated the pregnancy.’

Instead of ‘going for a poo’ you would say ‘going to use the bathroom.’

𝗛𝘆𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗯𝗼𝗹𝗲

Hyperbole is a term which uses an exaggeration to add a more dramatic meaning to the sentence. Here are some examples of hyperbole in use.

My bag weighs a tonne.

His nose is the length of the river Nile.

I have a million things to do today.

𝗜𝗿𝗼𝗻𝘆

Irony is a statement which conveys the exact opposite meaning of what is literally being said. It is also a statement which contradicts the situation. Here are some examples of irony in use.

The fire station burnt to the ground.

The pilot had a fear of flying.

‘What lovely weather.’ she said when it was raining

𝗟𝗶𝘁𝗼𝘁𝗲𝘀

Litotes is an understatement which applies a negative to express the meaning of the affirmative. Here are some examples of litotes in use.

She isn’t the friendliest woman in the world.

I wasn’t unhappy with the gift

That dress is not too bad

𝗠𝗲𝘁𝗮𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗿

Metaphor is when there is a comparison made between two different things which share something in common. Here are some examples of metaphor in use.

The world is your oyster.

She was the shining star of the talent show.

His eyes were ice.

𝗠𝗲𝘁𝗼𝗻𝘆𝗺𝘆

Metonymy is when a phrase is replaced with another which has a similar meaning, used to describe something in an indirect manner. Here are some examples of metonymy in use.

The pen is more mighty than the sword.

I remain loyal to the crown.

My husband is considered a silver fox.

𝗢𝗻𝗼𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗽𝗼𝗲𝗶𝗮

Onomatopoeia is a word which resembles the sound it is describing. Here are some examples of onomatopoeia in use.

The bacon sizzled in the pan.

My watch ticks loudly.

The crow cawed overhead.

𝗢𝘅𝘆𝗺𝗼𝗿𝗼𝗻

Oxymoron is when two words in a phrase contradict one another. Here are some examples of oxymoron in use.

The girl next door is pretty ugly.

That cat is mighty small.

Our farewell was bittersweet.

𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗼𝘅

Paradox is a statement which contradicts itself. Here are some examples of paradox in use.

He is a wise fool.

Deep down Anna is really shallow.

It is the beginning of the end.

𝗣𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻

Personification is when an object which is not alive is given human qualities. Here are some examples of personification in use.

My car is a real beauty.

That rod will take out someones eye.

My alarm clock screams at me every morning.

𝗣𝘂𝗻

A pun is a play on words, it uses a word to give a different sense to the sentence and add a double meaning. Here are some examples of puns in use.

The two guitarists got on well as they were always in a chord.

I spend a lot of time doing DIY so I know the drill.

An egg for breakfast is not easy to beat.

𝗦𝗶𝗺𝗶𝗹𝗲

Simile is a phrase which compares something to something else using the words like or as. Here are some examples of simile in use.

Her hair was as golden as the sun

The dog is as fit as a fiddle.

I felt as high as a kite.

𝗦𝘆𝗻𝗲𝗰𝗱𝗼𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘅

Synecdoche is a statement in which only part of something is expressed to relate to the whole. Here are some examples of synecdoche in use.

At school the children learn ABCs and 123s

He has just got some new wheel.

There were many hired hands in the factory.

𝗨𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁

Understatement is a statement which is made to be less important than what is actually being conveyed. Here are some examples of understatement in use.

The grand canyon is a hole in the ground.

I only have two million dollars.

There was a flood in the town, it must have rained a bit in the night.

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🍁 *What is a round character?*
A round character is a complex and dynamic. In this character improvement and change occurs during the course of work .

🍁 *What is a soliloquy?*
Soliloquy is a device use in drama in which a character speaks to himself or herself (thinking loud) by showing his feelings or thoughts to audience.

🍁 *What is Neo-classicism?*
Neo-classicism is a eighteenth century western movement of art, literature and architecture. They got inspiration from ancient Greece and ancient Rome.

🍁 *What is a mock-epic?*
Mock-epic is a poem in which satire, exaggeration, irony and sarcasm is used to mock the subject or used the epic style for the trivial subject etc.

🍁 *What is a complex plot?*
A complex plot according to Aristotle is that have ‘peripeteia’ (reversal) and ‘anagnorisis’ (denouement) without these is a simple plot.

🍁 *What is interior monologue?*
Interior monologue is the expression of internal thought, feelings and emotions of a character in dramatic or narrative form.

🍁 *What is blank verse?*
Blank verse is a form of poetry that written in iambic pentameter but un-rhymed.

🍁 *What is Art for Arts’ sake?*
“Art for Arts’ sake” is nineteenth century literary movement which gives importance to aesthetic pleasure instead of moral, didactic or utilitarian function of literature.

🍁 *What is Epistolary novel?*
Epistolary novel is a narrated work. In this type of novel the story is narrated through letters sent by the observer or by those who participating in the events. Example: 18th century’s novel ‘Richardson’s Pamela and Clarissa etc.

🍁 *Differentiate between novel and novella.*
Difference between novel and novella is length of the narrative work. Novella is shorter than novel and longer than short story but novel is long narrated work.

🍁 *What is the difference between “Open form poetry” and “Closed form poetry”?*
Close form poetry used the fix pattern of stanza, rhyme and meter etc. For example: sonnet, limerick, haiku and sestina etc. Open form poetry does not use these fix patterns.

🍁 *What is the structure of Spenserian stanza?*
Spenserian stanza consist of nine lines, eight lines are in iambic pentameter and followed by single line in iambic hexameter. The last line is called Alexandrine.

🍁 *Differentiate between ‘Blank verse’ and ‘Free verse’.*
‘Blank verse’ follows the fix meter like iambic pentameter and un-rhymed but ‘Free verse’ is also un-rhymed and does not follow the fix meter.

🍁 *How can you define “Pastoral elegy”?*
Pastoral elegy is a poem about death. In this poem poet expresses his grief for the dead in rural setting or about the shepherds.

🍁 *What is ‘Point of View’?*
‘Point of view’ is an opinion, judgment or attitude on a matter. It may be against are in favor.

🍁 *Define plot.* What are its various elements?
Plot is a logical arrangement of events in a story or play. The exposition, rising action, climax, falling action and resolution are the elements of plot.

🍁 *What is conflict?*
Conflict is a problem or struggle in a story or play. It occurs in rising action, climax and falling action. It creates suspense and excitement in the story or play.

Define black comedy.
Black comedy is a humorous work in which human suffering regards as absurd and funny..

🍁 *What do you mean by Theater of the absurd?*
Theater of the absurd is one kind of drama in which absurdity emphasized and lack realistic and logical structure. For example: “Waiting for Godot” by Samuel Beckett.

🍁*How can you differentiate between flat and round characters?*
A round character is a complex and dynamic. In this character improvement and change occurs during the course of work but flat character are uncomplicated and remains unchanged through the course of work.

🍁 *What was the Oxford movement?*
Oxford movement starts in 1833 and for the revival of Catholic doctrine in Anglican Church. It is against the conventional understanding of the religion.

🍁 *Define Puritanism?*
Puritanism is the religious movement starts in sixteen century and the goal of the movement is to purify the church of England from its Catholic practices.

🍁 *What is Imagism?*
Imagism is a movement of Anglo-American poets started in early nineteenth century in which they emphasize the use of clear images and simple and sharp language.

🍁 *What is meant by Stream of Consciousness?*
Stream of Consciousness is a technique of narration in which the series of thoughts in the mind of the character are presented. “To the Lighthouse” by Virginia Woolf is one example.

🍁*What is meant by Gothic Novel?*
Gothic Novel is one type of novel. In this type the cruel passions and supernatural terror is presented. Example: Monastery or Haunted Castle etc.

🍁*What is Metaphysical Poetry?*
Metaphysical poetry is a highly intellectualized poetry with the use of wit, imagery, conceits and paradox etc. It is obscure and rigid. For example: “John Donne’s poetry.

Most Famous Urdu with English Translation

1 جسے اللہ رکھے اُسے کون چکھے
Jisay Allah Rakhay usay kon Chakhay.
If Allah wills not, no one can Harm.
2 بھوکے کو سوکھی بھی چپڑی کے برابر
Bhokay ko Sokhi bhi Chopri k baraber
Nothing comes amiss to a hungry man
3 اندھا کیا چاہے دو آنکھیں
Andha Kya Chahay doo Ankhan
A wish coming True.
4 آنکھ کا اندھا نام نین سکھ
Aankh ka Andha Naam Nain-Sukh
Opposite qualities of meaning of person’s name
5 کھسیانی بلی کھمبا نوچے
Khasyani Billi Khamba Nochay
To show anger after getting embarrassed.
6 کہاں راجہ بھوج کہاں گنگوتیلی
Kahan Raja Bhojh kahan Gangoteli
Big difference in status or Class .
7 جتنے منہ اتنی باتیں
Jitnay moun utni Baatain
More mouths will have more talks
8 چھوٹا منہ بڑی بات
Chota moun bari baat
To talk big without having a big position
9 چوری کا مال موری میں
Chori ka maal mori main
Money earned the wrong way will be taken away, would be lost
10 دور کے ڈھول سُہانے
Door k Dhol Sohanay
The grass is always greener on the other side
11 مان نہ مان میں تیرا مہمان
Maan na maan main taira mehmaan
Getting involved without having
12 بہتی گنگا میں ہاتھ دھونا
Behti Ganga main Hath dhona
To use the available opportunity
13 گنگا گائے گنگا داس جمنا گائے جمنا داس
Ganga ga-ay ganga daas Jamna ga-ay jamna daas
A person of no principles
14 گھر کا بھیدی لنکا ڈھائے
Ghar ka bhadi lanka dha-ay
Division is main reason for the damage
15 چور کی داڑھی میں تنکا
Chor ki Darhi main Tinka
One is afraid of his/her crime
16 جیسی کرنی ویسی بھرنی
Jaisi karni waisi Bharni
As you sow so shall you reap
17 دھوبی کا کتا نہ گھر کا نہ گھاٹ کا
Dhobi ka Kutta na ghar ka na Ghat ka
A person try to be on two sides goes nowhere
18 ہاتھ کنگن کو آرسی کیا
Hath kangan ko Arsi Kya
Evidence does not need proof
19 انگور کھٹے ہیں
Angoor Khatay hain
Sour grapes
20 بندر کیا جانے ادرک کا سواد.
Bandar kya janay Adrak ka Sawad
Casting pearls before swine
21 دال میں کالا
Daal maen kala
More to it than meets the eye
22 آگے کنواں پیچھے کھائی
Aagy