English for Success

*PHRASAL VERBS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION BY KARIM DAD CHUGHTAI*

1. Account for
Meaning: To explain or give reason for something
Sentence:
He could not account for his absence in the class.

2. Act for
Meaning: To represent someone (legally or officially)
Sentence:
The lawyer will act for the accused in court.

3. Act on / Act upon
Meaning: To take action based on advice or information
Sentence:
The police acted on the tip and arrested the thief.

4. Add up
Meaning:
To make sense (informal)
To calculate total
Sentence:
His story does not add up.
Please add up these numbers.

5. Answer back
Meaning: To reply rudely or disrespectfully
Sentence:
The student was punished for answering back the teacher.

6. Ask someone in
Meaning: To invite someone into your house/office
Sentence:
She asked me in for tea.

7. Ask someone out
Meaning: To invite someone on a date or outing
Sentence:
He asked her out for dinner.

8. Ask for
Meaning: To request something
Sentence:
He asked for help in the exam.

Parts of Speech are the basic categories into which words are divided according to their function in a sentence. There are eight main parts of speech in English: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea, while a pronoun replaces a noun. A verb shows action or state of being. An adjective describes a noun, and an adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. A preposition shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. A conjunction joins words, phrases, or sentences, and an interjection expresses sudden feelings or emotions. Together, these parts of speech form the foundation of English grammar and help us construct meaningful sentences.

VARK Model is a learning model developed by Neil Fleming that explains four main learning styles: Visual (learning through diagrams, charts, and pictures), Auditory (learning through listening and discussion), Reading/Writing (learning through notes, books, and written material), and Kinesthetic (learning through practice and hands-on experience). The model suggests that individuals may prefer one style or a combination of these styles, helping teachers and students choose effective methods for learning and improving understanding.

✅ Still vs. Till vs. Until
STILL

Rule:
“Still” is used to show that something continues up to now.

Structure:
Subject + still + verb

Examples:
• She is still sleeping.
• I am still waiting for you.
• He still lives here.
• They are still working.
• It is still raining.

TILL

Rule:
“Till” is an informal form of “until” and is used for time (up to a point).

Structure:
Till + time / clause

Examples:
• Wait here till I come back.
• Stay till evening.
• I worked till midnight.
• She will be here till Monday.
• We waited till the end.

UNTIL

Rule:
“Until” is used to show time up to a certain point (more formal than “till”).

Structure:
Until + time / clause

Examples:
• Wait here until I return.
• Stay until tomorrow.
• He worked until midnight.
• She will stay until Monday.
• We waited until the end.

KEY DIFFERENCE

Still
✔ Continuing now

Till
✔ Informal time

Until
✔ Formal time

SIMPLE TRICK

Still → Continuing
Till → Informal time
Until → Formal time

Repeated MCQS of FIA

✅ Did vs. Was/Were
DID

Rule:
“Did” is used with the base form of the verb to talk about actions in the past.

Structure:
Subject + did + base verb

Examples:
• I did my homework.
• She did not come yesterday.
• Did you see that movie?
• They did a great job.
• He did not like the food.

WAS / WERE

Rule:
“Was/Were” is used to talk about a state, condition, or situation in the past.

Structure:
Subject + was/were + complement

Examples:
• I was at home yesterday.
• She was happy.
• Were you at the party?
• They were very tired.
• He was not feeling well.

KEY DIFFERENCE

Did
✔ Used for past actions
✔ Main verb in base form

Was/Were
✔ Used for past states or conditions
✔ Followed by noun/adjective/phrase

SIMPLE TRICK

Did → Action
Was/Were → State

Many students confuse words like affect and effect, accept and except, and their, there, and they’re. For example, a teacher’s advice can affect a student’s performance, and the positive effect can be seen in results. Similarly, you may accept an invitation, but you should not invite everyone except your close friends. Students often mix up their books with there on the table, or write they’re instead of they are. Learning the correct usage of these confusing words improves writing and communication skills.

Parts of speech are the basic categories of words in the English grammar that help us understand how sentences are formed and how meaning is conveyed. There are eight main parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. A noun names a person, place, or thing, while a pronoun replaces a noun to avoid repetition. Verbs express actions or states of being, and adjectives describe nouns. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs by giving more information about time, place, or manner. Prepositions show relationships between words, conjunctions connect words or groups of words, and interjections express strong emotions. Together, these parts work in harmony to create clear and meaningful communication in language.

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Voice refers to the form of a verb that shows whether the subject performs the action or receives it.
🔹 Types of Voice
1. Active Voice
👉 The subject does the action.
Structure:
Subject + Verb + Object
Example:
Ali wrote a letter.
👉 (Ali is doing the action)
2. Passive Voice
👉 The subject receives the action.
Structure:
Object + Helping Verb (is/am/are/was/were/been) + 3rd form of verb + by + Subject
Example:
A letter was written by Ali.
👉 (The letter receives the action)