12/04/2026
💗 Deductive teaching – general to specific
💗 Inductive teaching – specific to general
💗 Direct instruction – teacher-centered
💗 Indirect instruction – learner-centered
💗 Macro skills – listening, speaking, reading, writing
💗 Micro skills – subskills within macro
💗 Diagnostic test – before instruction
💗 Placement test – determines level
💗 Achievement test – after instruction
💗 Aptitude test – predicts future performance
💗 Standard deviation – spread of scores
💗 Variance – square of SD
💗 Percentile rank – relative position
💗 Stanine – standard nine scale
💗 Item analysis – difficulty and discrimination
💗 Distractors – wrong options
💗 Parallel test – equivalent form
💗 Test-retest – stability over time
💗 Inter-rater reliability – agreement among scorers
💗 Halo effect – bias in rating
💗 Leniency error – too generous
💗 Severity error – too strict
💗 Central tendency error – middle ratings
💗 Formative feedback – ongoing
💗 Summative report – final grade
💗 Mastery level – usually 75%
💗 Remediation – for low performers
💗 Enrichment – for advanced learners
💗 Flexible grouping – based on readiness
💗 Learning modality – visual, auditory, kinesthetic
💗 Multisensory teaching – many senses
💗 ICT integration – technology in lesson
💗 Flipped classroom – homework = lecture
💗 Gamification – game elements in learning
💗 Universal Design for Learning – multiple means of representation, expression, engagement
💗 Differentiated assessment – varied outputs
💗 Anchor activities – ongoing tasks
💗 Exit ticket – quick assessment
💗 Concept mapping – graphic organizer
💗 KWL chart – know, want, learned
💗 Fishbone diagram – cause and effect
💗 Socratic questioning – probing questions
💗 Wait time I – after question
💗 Wait time II – after response
💗 No hands up policy – equitable participation
💗 Probing – follow-up question
💗 Redirecting – pass question to another
💗 Reinforcement schedule – fixed vs variable
💗 Token economy – behavior system
💗 Premack principle – preferred activity as reward
💗 Extinction – remove reinforcement
💗 Shaping – reinforce successive approximations
💗 Modeling – demonstration
💗 Cueing – prompt behavior
💗 Proximity control – near misbehaving learner
💗 Non-verbal signal – eye contact, gesture
💗 Low-profile intervention – minimal disruption
💗 Time-out – brief isolation
💗 Logical consequence – related to behavior
💗 Natural consequence – happens naturally
💗 Democratic discipline – shared rules
💗 Preventive discipline – clear expectations
💗 Supportive discipline – encouragement
💗 Corrective discipline – address misbehavior
💗 Classroom routines – daily procedures
💗 Transition management – smooth movement
💗 Withitness – awareness of class
💗 Overlapping – multitasking
💗 Momentum – sustained lesson flow
💗 Group alerting – keep all involved
💗 Accountability – everyone participates
💗 Seatwork – independent practice
💗 Guided practice – teacher support
💗 Independent practice – learner alone
💗 Drill – repetition for mastery
💗 Spiral review – revisit skills
💗 Interleaving – mixed practice
💗 Distributed practice – spaced learning
💗 Massed practice – cramming
💗 Retrieval practice – recall from memory
💗 Metacognition – thinking about thinking
💗 Self-regulated learning – plan, monitor, evaluate
💗 Goal setting – SMART goals
💗 Reflective journal – learner reflection
💗 Peer assessment – classmates evaluate
💗 Self-assessment – own work evaluation
💗 Authentic task – real-life performance
💗 Performance criteria – basis of scoring
💗 Benchmark – standard reference
💗 Learning competency – skill to master
💗 Content standard – what to know
💗 Performance standard – what to do
💗 Enabling competency – supports terminal
💗 Terminal competency – final outcome
💗 Scope – breadth of content
💗 Sequence – order of content
💗 Continuity – vertical repetition
💗 Integration – horizontal connection
💗 Articulation – smooth grade transition
💗 Hidden curriculum – unintended learning
💗 Null curriculum – what is not taught
💗 Core curriculum – essential subjects
💗 Subject-centered – focus on content
💗 Learner-centered – focus on learner
💗 Problem-centered – real-life issues
💗 Banking concept – passive learners (Freire)
💗 Problem-posing – active learners
💗 Multigrade teaching – mixed levels
💗 Team teaching – multiple teachers
💗 Modular learning – self-paced modules
💗 Distance learning – remote instruction
💗 Blended learning – online + offline
💗 Synchronous – real-time
💗 Asynchronous – self-paced
💗 Netiquette – online behavior
💗 Digital divide – unequal access
💗 OER – open educational resources
💗 Learning management system – LMS
💗 Data-driven instruction – based on results
💗 Early warning system – identify at-risk
💗 RTI – response to intervention
💗 Tier 1 – universal
💗 Tier 2 – targeted
💗 Tier 3 – intensive
