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THE FATHER OF MODERN CRIMINOLOGY

THE FATHER OF CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY

Criminology Licensure Examination in CDI (Specialized Crime Investigation 1 with Legal Medicine) Re: Pathological Classification of the Causes of Death

CDI Q & A with Explanation (No.1) Criminology Licensure Examination in CDI (Specialized Crime Investigation 1 with Legal Medicine) Re: Pathological Classification of the Causes of Death

Criminology Licensure Examination (CLE) in Criminalistics (Lie Detection/ Polygraphy) Re: Types of Questions Used in Polygraph Examination

CLE Review Question in Criminalistics Criminology Licensure Examination (CLE) in Criminalistics (Lie Detection/ Polygraphy) Re: Types of Questions Used in Polygraph Examination

FATHER OF FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY

Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila i Rotger (April 24, 1787 – March 12, 1853) was a Spanish, French-speaking chemist and musician. Educated by local priests in Minorca, Spain, and his father's library, he initially pursued a career as a sailor before redirecting his focus to medicine. His educational journey took him to Valencia, Barcelona, Madrid, and eventually Paris, where he obtained his medical degree in 1811. In 1813, Orfila became a professor of medicinal and forensic chemistry at the University of Paris. Despite encountering challenges in demonstrating the arsenic test to his students, he seized this setback as an opportunity to delve into the study of poisons and identification methods. Orfila initiated experiments on arsenic poisoning using animals, sparking public controversy. However, he successfully defended his methods, emphasizing that no animals were harmed as he promptly administered an antidote.

In 1814, Orfila published the seminal work "Traite des Poisons Tires des Regnes Mineral, Vegetal et Animal ou Toxicologie Generale (A Treatise on Poisons Found in the Mineral, Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms, or, a General System of Toxicology.” Shorty known as “Treatise on Poisons,” this groundbreaking treatise marked the first systematic exploration of the chemistry and physiological effects of poisons on both humans and animals. Widely regarded as a classic and the Gold Standard in forensic science, the book catapulted Orfila to academic fame, establishing him as the sole founder of the science of toxicology. He pioneered chemical analysis on human bodies to ascertain the cause of death, with a particular focus on arsenic, the prevalent poison of the early 1800s for it was readily available in rat poison and commonly used for murder. Further, it was British chemist John Marsh who later developed a sensitive and reliable test for arsenic detection that enhanced the study of Orfila on its poisoning.

In 1824, Orfila testified as an expert witness for the first time, earning recognition that propelled him to become the Dean of the Medical School by 1830. By 1840, he had become a renowned medico-legal expert, gaining widespread acclaim for his involvement in the "Lafarge Arsenic Poisoning Case," a highly publicized murder trial in France. Orfila utilized the Marsh Test to establish the guilt of Marie Lafarge, accused of poisoning her husband with arsenic. This case popularized the Marsh Test, leading to the passage of the Arsenic Act of 1851 in Britain. The Lafarge affair also marked the first major court case where scientific tests and expert witness testimony played a pivotal role. Orfila's contributions earned him honors and promotions, including the role of King Louis XVIII's personal physician. However, with the shift to a republic in France, he experienced a decline in influence.

At last, Orfila's profound contributions to the field of toxicology have rightfully earned him the title of the "Father of Forensic Toxicology." He was also called the “Father of Modern Toxicology.” This distinction places him in line with Paracelsus (1493-1541), recognized as the "Father of Toxicology” and famous for his saying, "All things are poison, and nothing is without poison; only the dose makes a thing not a poison," which underscores the essence of toxicology. While debates may arise among scholars about the honorific title, Orfila's practical application of toxicology to legal matters distinguishes him. His notable advancements extend beyond toxicology, including significant contributions to the development of forensic tests for blood presence. Moreover, he stands credited as the first to explore the use of a microscope in assessing blood and semen stains, solidifying his pivotal role in shaping modern toxicological practices.









"Gloria in Excelsis Deo"

FATHER OF VICTIMOLOGY

Benjamin Mendelsohn (1900-1998) was a French-Israeli lawyer born in Romania. He was considered the one who coined the word “Victimology” in 1947 in a French journal. Currently, victimology is defined as a branch of criminology that deals with the study of the psychological effects of crime on victims and the relationship between offenders and victims. It comes from the Latin word “Victima” which means “Victim” and the Greek word “logos” which means “a system of knowledge.” However, Mendelsohn’s perspective on victimology differs from that of criminology; he considers it the opposite. As he stated: “Victimology is the science of victims and victimity. By victimity, we mean the general concept the specific common phenomenon which characterizes all categories of victims, whatever the cause of their situation. It must take into account all phenomena which causes victims, to the extent that society takes an interest in them.”

He also used the term victimology in the title of his article entitled “A New Branch of Bio-Psycho-Social Science, Victimology” (1956) which suggests the establishment of an international society of victimology which comes into fruition with the creation of the World Society of Victimology, the establishment of victimological institutes which led also to the establishment of Tokiwa International Victimology Institute in Japan, and the establishment of international journals related to victimology. Mendelsohn also created the first typology of crime victims based on their culpability or the degree of the victim’s blame. This classification entails the following: (1) completely innocent victim; (2) victim with minor guilt; (3) voluntary victim or victim as guilty as offender; (4) victims were guilty than the offender; (5) most guilty victim; and (6) simulating or imaginary victim. At last, Mendelsohn provided a vision and blueprint for the study of victimology, which made him earn the title of the “Father of Victimology” for his groundbreaking contributions and legacy in the field.








“Gloria in Excelsis Deo”

DESIDERATA (1927)

"Go placidly amid the noise and the haste, and remember what peace there may be in silence. As far as possible, without surrender, be on good terms with all persons. Speak your truth quietly and clearly; and listen to others, even to the dull and the ignorant; they too have their story.

Avoid loud and aggressive persons; they are vexations to the spirit. If you compare yourself with others, you may become vain or bitter, for always there will be greater and lesser persons than yourself. Enjoy your achievements as well as your plans.

Keep interested in your own career, however humble; it is a real possession in the changing fortunes of time. Exercise caution in your business affairs, for the world is full of trickery. But let this not blind you to what virtue there is; many persons strive for high ideals, and everywhere life is full of heroism.

Be yourself. Especially do not feign affection. Neither be cynical about love; for in the face of all aridity and disenchantment, it is as perennial as the grass.

Take kindly the counsel of the years, gracefully surrendering the things of youth. Nurture strength of spirit to shield you in sudden misfortune. But do not distress yourself with dark imaginings. Many fears are born of fatigue and loneliness. Beyond a wholesome discipline, be gentle with yourself.

You are a child of the universe no less than the trees and the stars; you have a right to be here. And whether or not it is clear to you, no doubt the universe is unfolding as it should.

Therefore be at peace with God, whatever you conceive Him to be. And whatever your labors and aspirations, in the noisy confusion of life, keep peace in your soul. With all its sham, drudgery, and broken dreams, it is still a beautiful world.

Be cheerful. Strive to be happy."

Max Ehrmann (September 26, 1872 – September 9, 1945) was an American writer, poet, businessman, and lawyer from Terre Haute, Indiana. He is best known for his 1927 prose poem, "Desiderata," a Latin word meaning "things desired." Ehrmann, of German descent, earned an English degree from DePauw University in Indiana and later studied philosophy and law at Harvard University. He was a member of the "Delta Tau Delta’s Beta Beta Chapter" and served as an editor of the school newspaper. His writings mainly focused on religious themes.

After practicing law in Terre Haute for two years, he joined his family's meatpacking business, the "Ehrmann Manufacturing Co." At age 40, he left the business to pursue writing. He wrote "Desiderata" at age 55, which gained fame posthumously. There is a life-size bronze statue of Ehrmann in Terre Haute, Indiana, created by Bill Wolfe, with an engraved "Desiderata" plaque. Additionally, Art Spaces Inc. holds the annual "Max Ehrmann Poetry Competition" in honor of his legacy in literature.

"Desiderata" gained immense popularity in the early 20th century due to its philosophical significance. Additionally, it became an integral part of indoctrination in law enforcement agencies and military training for aspiring recruits. Perhaps, they memorize the entire poem as a guide while facing numerous struggles and hardships throughout their training journey. Some law enforcement officers and practitioners also adopt its philosophy in both their professional and personal lives.







"Gloria in Excelsis Deo"

FATHER OF MODERN PENOLOGY AND FATHER OF PAROLE

Captain Alexander Maconochie (February 11, 1787 – October 25, 1860) began his career as a Scottish naval officer. Engaged in the British Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars, he was captured as a prisoner of war in 1811 after a shipwreck off the Dutch coast. He endured over two years of captivity and was released following Napoleon’s abdication in 1814. Serving in the British-American War, he commanded HMS Calliope and rose to the rank of Commander in 1815.

Transitioning to peacetime after Napoleon's defeat, Maconochie spent 13 years in Edinburgh studying geography and geopolitics. In 1828, due to the financial constraints of his family, he relocated to England where he founded the Royal Geographical Society in 1830 and served as its first secretary. While briefly a professor of Geography at University College London and a member of the Royal Guelphic Order, his academic tenure was short-lived.

He changed course and became the private secretary to Lieutenant-Governor Sir John Franklin in Van Diemen’s Land (present-day Tasmania), a convict settlement in Hobart. Appalled by the inhumane treatment of convicts, Maconochie reported to Home Secretary Lord John Russell, which ultimately led to the cessation of convict transportation from the United Kingdom to Australia.

In 1840, Maconochie was appointed as the Superintendent at Norfolk Island in Australia, a well-known notorious place and terror for convicts. It is here where he tested and applied his penal principles and introduced the “Mark System.” This system requires prisoners to earn “marks” or credits, proportionate to the seriousness of their offenses. These marks could be accumulated based on good conduct, hard work, and study before the prisoner becomes eligible for release and is entitled to a ticket to leave. The Mark System also laid the ground concepts like the parole system, indeterminate sentences, and allowances for good conduct and time allowance (GCTA) that are relevant today. Maconochie's initiative at Norfolk Island led to the reduction of cruel and degrading punishments and a greater respect for convicts' sense of dignity. During his term, nearly 1,400 convicts were discharged, and a remarkably high percentage refrained from reoffending. Thus, he earned the title of the “Father of Parole.” However, Maconochie's innovative system faced criticism, leading to his replacement.

Upon his return to the United Kingdom in 1844, Maconochie continued to publish books and pamphlets advocating prison discipline and penal reforms. His ideas on penal reform contradicted the concepts of Jeremy Bentham's Panopticon Prison and other penitentiary systems, which promoted close prisoner supervision within prison bars and the transportation of criminals. Maconochie's ideas were considered advanced for his time and formed the practical basis for Western penal systems, influencing advocates of penal reforms like Sir Walter Crofton who introduced the Irish Penal System, which built upon Maconochie's Mark System. Further, a prison in Canberra, Australia was named in his honor—the “Alexander Maconochie Center.” His contributions to penal reforms earned him the title of the “Father of Modern Penology.”







-institutionalcorrection




"Gloria in Exelcis Deo"

MILITARY PROFESSIONALISM

“Men who adopt the profession of arms submit their own free will to a law of perpetual constraints of their own accord.
They reject their right to live where they choose, to say what they think, to dress as they like.
From the moment they become soldiers, it needs but an order to settle them in this place, to move them to that, to separate them from their families, and dislocate their normal lives.
In a word of command, they must rise, march, run, endure bad weather, go without sleep or food, be isolated in some distant post, and to work until they drop.
They have ceased to become the masters of their own fate. If they drop in their tracks, if their ashes are scattered to the four winds, that is all part and parcel of their own job.”

General Charles André Joseph Marie De Gaulle (November 22, 1890 – November 9, 1970) was a notable French soldier, statesman, writer, and served as the President of France from 1959 to 1969. He is recognized as a prominent figure in French history and is considered as the architect of France’s Fifth Republic.
He began his military career after attending the Military Academy of Saint-Cyr and becoming a young Second Lieutenant in 1913. He served in an infantry regiment under the command of Colonel Philippe Pétain. During World War I, de Gaulle fought at Verdun, where he was wounded three times, mentioned in dispatches three times, and spent two years and eight months as a prisoner of war, making five unsuccessful escape attempts. Subsequently, he received specialized training in strategy and tactics at the Ecole Supérieure de Guerre (War College) and was promoted to the staff of the Supreme War Council. He spent two years in the Middle East and four years as a member of the secretariat of the National Defense Council. At the outbreak of World War II, he commanded a tank brigade attached to the French Fifth Army, assuming the temporary rank of Brigadier General in the 4th Armoured Division, a rank he retained for the rest of his life. De Gaulle advocated for the creation of Mobile Armored Divisions, aligning with his concepts of military professionalism as depicted in his writings.

His writing career commenced with the study of the relations between civil and military powers in Germany (published as "Discord Among the Enemy" in 1924), followed by lectures focusing on his conception of leadership ("The Edge of the Sword" in 1932). De Gaulle's exploration of military theory in "The Army of the Future" (1934) emphasized the concept of a small, professional army that was highly mechanized and mobile. Subsequently, his writings shifted focus towards his memoirs in wars, which became a fixture in modern French literature.

His political career was marked by controversy and a determined effort to fight for French interests. He rallied political supporters and volunteers to form the Free French Forces, a sort of shadow government, in opposition to Marshal Pétain, who was widely regarded as a National Hero and France’s sole field marshal. Beginning in London and later moving to Algiers, he assumed the presidency of the French Committee of National Liberation. Eventually, the Free French Forces established themselves in Paris, where he led two successive provisional governments before a sudden resignation. During the Fourth French Republic (1946), he campaigned against its constitution, founding the Rally of the French People, a mass movement that swiftly evolved into a political party in 1951 and disbanded in 1955. In 1958, amid rising unrest that threatened to provoke civil war in France, he returned to power, presenting himself as a prime minister designate before the National Assembly. Authorized to reform the constitution, he was granted the special powers he sought and subsequently elected as the President of the French Fifth Republic, serving two terms. Notable accomplishments during his presidency included resolving the Algerian War, instituting a new constitution allowing the use of referendums and presidential rule during a state of emergency, defeating the Secret Army Organization (OAS), an armed group opposing the National Liberation Front, revitalizing France’s economy, withdrawing from NATO to assert national independence and neutrality in international conflicts, and fostering positive diplomatic relationships with other nations.

Ultimately, De Gaulle's vision of military professionalism was instrumental in the development of the French military and national defense. At first, his proposal to create armored units was met with resistance from the French military hierarchy. However, it was later embraced when the threat of Germany's superior troops advancing towards France became apparent. De Gaulle's focus on professionalism significantly impacted the French military's material enhancements and transformed the country's approach to national defense. Today, De Gaulle’s principles of military professionalism are applied by numerous military forces and law enforcement agencies worldwide, forming a critical part of the training for new recruits. Emphasizing moral, ethical, and psychological preparation, this framework instills specific skills and characteristics expected by the military. It guides service members in their interactions with peers, supervisors, and the community, aiding them in fulfilling their duties with tact, respect, and discipline.








"Gloria in Excelsis Deo"

THE FATHER OF FORENSIC BALLISTICS

Col. Calvin Ho**er Goddard (October 30, 1891 – February 22, 1955), was an American army officer, professor, and pioneering forensic scientist. Graduated from Johns Hopkins University with a Bachelor of Arts in 1911 and later obtained a medical degree in 1915, he served in the United States Army, rising to the rank of Colonel and leading the US Army Crime Laboratory in Japan post-World War II. Goddard also taught police science at Northwestern University and served as the military editor for the Encyclopedia Britannica and the American Journal of Police Science, the first scientific police journal in the United States.

In 1925, Goddard authored an influential article titled "Forensic Ballistics" for Army Ordnance, introducing the use of the comparison microscope in fi****ms investigations. Although he is credited with coining the term "Forensic Ballistics," he later acknowledged its limitations in capturing the depth of this scientific discipline. Forensic Ballistics involves firearm identification by examining the ammunition discharged from them.

Goddard established the Bureau of Forensic Ballistics in New York City, in collaboration with C.E. Waite, Philip O. Gravelle, and John H. Fisher. This bureau served as the first independent criminalistics laboratory in the United States, offering firearm identification services nationwide. Through this bureau, the American Journal of Police Science was initiated and edited by Col. Goddard and J. Edgar Hoover, the Director of the FBI at the time. The Bureau also conducted extensive research and compiled a database of ballistics information from various gun manufacturers.

Goddard played a significant role in high-profile cases, including the Frye Case (1923), which established judicial acceptance of fi****ms identification, the Sacco and Vanzetti Case (1927) in Massachusetts, and the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre (1929) in Chicago involving clashes between Al Capone's gang and Moran's gang. Additionally, Goddard conducted forensic ballistics training and helped in the fi****ms investigation in the Philippines post-World War II in 1947.

Col. Goddard's pioneering work in revolutionizing fi****ms identification, its courtroom acceptance, and his exceptional expertise earned him the title "Father of Forensic Ballistics." Some regard him as the "Father of Modern Ballistics" for his lasting impact and contributions to the field.

Differential Association Theory and the Dean of Modern Criminology

Edwin Hardin Sutherland (August 13, 1883 – October 11, 1950) was a distinguished American sociologist, professor, author, and a highly influential figure in the field of criminology during the 20th century. He is best known for developing the "Differential Association Theory" in 1939, which he revised in 1947. This theory posits that individuals acquire the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior through their interactions with others. It comprises nine postulates that explain how deviant behavior is learned and why someone might be inclined to commit a crime.

Sutherland completed his doctorate at the University of Chicago in 1913 and later assumed the role of Head of the Department of Sociology at Indiana University. In 1924, he authored a seminal book titled "Criminology," which provided a foundational definition of the field. He described criminology as "the entire body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon, encompassing the process of creating laws, violating laws, and society's response to lawbreaking."

The third edition of his book, published in 1939 and retitled "Principles of Criminology," introduced his groundbreaking "Differential Association Theory" and popularized the term "white-collar crime." This concept became a focal point of his presidential speech at the American Sociological Association that same year. In 1947, the fourth edition of the book expanded on his sociological theory in criminology. Sutherland's masterpiece, "White-Collar Crime," was published in 1949, where he defined white-collar crime as offenses committed by individuals of high social status in the course of their occupations.

Sutherland served as the 29th president of the American Sociological Society in 1939 and as the president of the Sociological Research Association in 1940. In recognition of his lifetime achievements and contributions, the American Society of Criminology established the annual Edwin H. Sutherland Award in 1960. This award honors scholars for their outstanding contributions to criminological theory or research. Sutherland's pioneering work significantly advanced the understanding of crime and earned him the title "Dean of Modern Criminology."

THE NELSON MANDELA RULES

The original title of the Nelson Mandela Rules is indeed the "United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners." First adopted in 1955 in Geneva, Switzerland, these rules are highly regarded by UN member states as the principal source of standards governing the treatment of individuals in detention facilities. They serve as a fundamental framework for monitoring and inspecting the treatment of prisoners, encompassing all aspects of prison management and jail dynamics, from the admission of Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDL), regardless of their trial or conviction status, to the provision of welfare and development programs, and their eventual release. These rules comprise 122 specific regulations, categorized into two main contents: (1) Rules of General Application, which cover Rules 1-85 of the SMRs, and (2) Rules Applicable to Special Categories, covering Rules 86-122 of the SMRs. These 122 rules are often summarized into areas called "the Nine (9) Thematic Areas of Nelson Mandela Rules."

The process of revising the Minimum Standards for the Treatment of Prisoners began with a mandate from the UN General Assembly in 2011. An open-ended intergovernmental "Expert Group" was established to thoroughly review and update the standards in alignment with evolving international laws and the field of correctional sciences. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) played a pivotal role as the Secretariat during this revision process, which concluded in 2014. In 2015, the Expert Group reached a consensus on all the revised rules, which were subsequently endorsed to and approved by the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). In December 2015, the revised standards were formally adopted by the UN General Assembly and were named, upon recommendation of the Expert Group, as the "Nelson Mandela Rules" in tribute to the late President of South Africa. This was in honor of his enduring legacy and his relentless struggle for global human rights, democracy, and the promotion of a culture of peace.

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (July 18, 1918 – December 5, 2013), affectionately known as "Madiba," held the distinction of being the first Black President of South Africa, serving from 1994 to 1999. Prior to this, Mandela's indomitable spirit and dedication to justice led him to endure 27 years of imprisonment in Cape Town, South Africa from 1963 to 1990. He was incarcerated due to his unwavering campaign against discriminatory laws that oppressed black individuals. He was honored with the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 for his exceptional contributions to the peaceful dismantling of apartheid and the establishment of a democratic South Africa. Furthermore, the United Nations General Assembly, by way of resolution A/RES/70/175, designated July 18th, his birthday, as "Nelson Mandela International Day." This observance is dedicated to promoting humane conditions of imprisonment, raising awareness about the ongoing significance of prisoners in society, and recognizing the invaluable work of prison and jail staff as a vital social service. It stands as a tribute to Mandela's enduring legacy and his lifelong commitment to the principles of equality, justice, and human rights.

The Father of Anthropometry and the Father of Personal Identification

Alphonse Bertillon (April 23, 1853 – February 13, 1914) was a notable French police officer and anthropologist who revolutionized criminal identification with the introduction of the first scientific system of body measurements known as Anthropometry. This pioneering system was later named the Bertillon System in his honor and widely referred to as "Bertillonage" as it gained adoption throughout Europe and America, earning him the title of the "Father of Anthropometry."
The Bertillon System encompassed three components: Anthropometrical measurements involving the bony structure of the body, Descriptive or Morphological observations of body movements associated with behavioral characteristics (commonly referred to as “portrait parle” or "spoken portrait" of the body and face), and Signalment by Peculiar Marks or Pathological Signalment, focused on identifying body peculiarities caused by disease, accidents, deformities, or artificial disfigurement. The system also featured cross-indexed cards for systematic record-keeping.
Bertillon enhanced this system by incorporating photographs of suspects, a practice that later became known as the "mug shot," establishing him as the "Father of Mug Shot Photography." He was also among the first to apply photography at crime scenes and is credited with taking one of the first-ever "selfies" in history. He developed "metric photography" to document crime scenes and determine the dimensions of evidence using grids.
Despite its innovative approach, the Bertillon System faced challenges in terms of tool maintenance, calibration, and police training. Ultimately, it was replaced by fingerprinting as the primary means of personal identification. The Will and William Case played a significant role in the shift toward fingerprint identification.
Nevertheless, Bertillon is recognized as the "Father of Personal Identification" for his groundbreaking system, which significantly aided police officers in identifying criminals. He was also the first to record the successful solving of a crime using fingerprints, albeit of being against it. Bertillon is considered the founder of Criminal Investigation in France, earning praise from notable figures like Arthur Conan Doyle, who lauded him as Europe's top detective. He is also referred to as the "Father of Criminal Identification" and the "Father of Scientific Detection" by various authors for his invaluable contributions to the field of criminal identification.