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PHILIPPINE HISTORY

♣️The first book written in the Philippines was DOCTRINA CRISTIANA.
♣️The Father of Ilocano Literature is PEDRO BUKANEG.
♣️The Father of Tagalog Poetry is FRANCISCO BALTAZAR.
♣️Lola Basyang is the pen name of SEVERINO REYES.
♣️The first and longest running komiks series in the Philippines is KENKOY(Liwayway Magasin,1929)
♣️The Father of Pampango Literature who wrote There is no God is JUAN CRISOSTOMO SOTO.
♣️The oldest existing newspaper in the Philippines since the 1900 is MANILA BULLETIN.
♣️The Father of Modern Tagalog Poetry is ALEJANDRO ABADILLA.
♣️The work of Bonifacio which tells the history of the Philippines ANG DAPAT MABATID NG MGA TAGALOG.
♣️He wrote the pop**ar fable The Monkey and the Turtle - JOSE RIZAL
♣️This is known as Andres Bonifacio's Ten Commandments of the Katipunan - THE DECALOGUE.
♣️Rizal's model for Pilosopong Tasyo was PACIANO RIZAL.
♣️The following characters created by rizal reflect his own personality except SIMOUN (El Filibusterismo)
♣️The line 'whoever knows not how to love his native tongue is worse than any beast or even smelly fish' TO MY FELLOW CHILDREN
♣️Rizal's pen name - DIMASALANG, LAONG-LAAN
♣️Taga-ilog is JUAN LUNA's Pen name.
♣️The first filipino alphabet was called ALIBATA/BAYBAYIN
♣️the first filipino alphabet consisted of 15 LETTERS
♣️This is a song about love - TALINDAW, awit ng mga taong hindi naimbetahan sa kainan (COLADO)
♣️He was known for his `Memoria Fotografica` - JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN
♣️He is known as the `poet of the workers or laborers` - AMADO HERNANDEZ
♣️Ilocano balagtasan is called BUKANEGAN
♣️Visayan epic about good manners and right conduct - MARAGTAS
♣️The father of Filipino newspaper is PASCUAL POBLETE
♣️Lupang Tinubuan is considered to be the best story written during Japanese Period. The author is NARCISO REYES
♣️The original title of Ibong Adarna was CORIDO AT BUHAY NA PINAGDAANAN NG TATLONH PRINSIPENG ANAC NG HARING FERNANDO AT REYNA VALERIANA SA CAHARIANG BERBANIA
♣️PANDEREGLA - first filipino bread
♣️The Great Plebian: Andres Bonifacio
♣️The Father of the Katipunan: Andres Bonifacio
♣️Hero of the Tirad Pass Battle: Gregorio Del Pilar
♣️President of the First Philippine Republic: General Emilio Aguinaldo
♣️Brains of the Philippine Revolution: Apolinario Mabini
♣️Martyred Priests in 1872: GOMBURZA
♣️Brains of the Katipunan: Emilio Jacinto
♣️Co-founder of La Independencia: General Antonio Luna
♣️Mother of Balintawak: Melchora Aquino
♣️Greatest Filipino Orator of the Propaganda Movement: Graciano Lopez- Jaena
♣️First Filipino Cannon-maker: Pandar Pira
♣️Managing Editor of La Solidaridad: Mariano Ponce
♣️Lakambini of Katipunan: Gregoria de Jesus
♣️Poet of the Revolution: Fernando Ma. Guerrero
♣️Outstanding Diplomat of the First Philippine Republic: Felipe Agoncill
♣️First University of the Philippines President: Rafael Palma
♣️Greatest Filipino Painter: Juan Luna
Greatest Journalist of the Propaganda
♣️Movement: Marcelo H. del Pilar
♣️First Filipino Poetess: Leona Florentino
♣️Peace of the Revolution: Pedro Paterno
♣️Founder of Philippine Socialism: Isabelo
♣️Delos Reyes Viborra: Artemio Ricarte
♣️Author of the Spanish lyrics of the Philippine National Anthem: Jose Palma
♣️Chief of Tondo: Lakandola
♣️The Last Rajah of Manila: Rajah Soliman
♣️Fiancée of Jose Rizal: Leonor Rivera
♣️Maker of the
First Filipino Flag: Marcela Agoncillo
♣️Co-founder of Katipunan: Galicano Apacible
♣️Leader of the Ilocano Revolt: Diego Silang
♣️First Filipino Hero: Lapu-lapu
♣️Leader of the Longest Revolt in Bohol: Francisco Dagohoy
♣️The Man of Many Talents: Epifanio Delos Santos
♣️Prince of Tagalog Poets: Francisco Baltazar
♣️Visayan Joan of Arc: Teresa Magbanua
♣️Mother of Biak-na-Bato: Trinidad Tecson
♣️Wife of Artemio Ricarte: Agueda
♣️EstebanLeader of the Tarlac Revolt: Gen. Francisco Makabulos
♣️Composer of the Philippine National Anthem: Julian Felipe
♣️Spaniards born in the Philippines: Insulares
♣️Leader of Magdalo: Baldomero Aguinaldo
♣️Leader of Magdiwang: Mariano Alvarez
♣️Founder of La Liga Filipina: Jose Rizal
♣️Painter of the Spolarium: Juan Luna

Updated Reviewer for September LET Takers

A compilation of LET review materials and study notes to help you prepare for the exam.

Pm for reviewer/ notes

✅PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
✅PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
✅MAJORSHIP( ENGLISH)
and other subjects








Isaiah 60:22
“When the time is right ,I the Lord will make it happen”

GENERAL EDUCATION BLESSINGS IN LITERATURE


LOCAL AUTHORS

- Teodoro Agoncillo – Madamdaming Mananalaysay
​
- Liwayway Arceo – Uhaw ang tigang na lupa
​
- Sa P**a sa Puti – Francisco Rodrigo
​
- Thomas Pinpin – First Filipino Publisher
​
- Deogracias Rosario – Ama ng maikling kwento
​
- JOMAPA – Memoria Photographica
​
- Teresa Magbanua – Visayan Joan of Arc
​
- Kahabagan – Tagalog Joan of Arc
​
- Flora de Filipinas – Father Blanco
​
- Kenkoy / Liwayway Magazine – First and longest running Komiks
​
- First Cannon Maker – Panday Pira / Black Smith
​
- Genoveva Matute – Kwento ni Mabuti (First Palanca Award in short story)
​
- Dionisio Salazar – First Palanca Award for Play
​
- Jose Dela Cruz – Huseng Sisiw
​
- Jose Corazon de Jesus – Huseng Batute
​
- Dead Stars – Paz Marquez Benitez (1925)
​
- Child of Sorrow – First Filipino Novel written in English by Zoilo Galang

GREAT NOVELS AND AUTHORS

- The Great Gatsby – F. Scott Fitzgerald
​
- Mrs. Dalloway – Virginia Wolf
​
- Ulysses – James Joyce
​
- Iliad and Odyssey – Homer
​
- The Picture of Dorian Gray – Oscar Wilde
​
- Vanity Fair – William Makepeace Thackeray
​
- Gulliver’s Travel – Jonathan Swift
​
- Robinson Crusoe – Daniel Defoe
​
- Scarlet Letter – Nathaniel Hawthorne
​
- Daniel Deronda – George Eliot
​
- Little Women – Louisa Alcott
​
- Sonnets for Husband – Elizabeth Browning
​
- Alice in the Wonderland – Lewis Caroll
​
- Moby Dick – Herman Melville
​
- Wuthering Heights – Emily Bronte
​
- Pilgrim’s Progress – John Bunyan



TAKE NOTE OF THIS!

Answer – Keywords/terms

GRAMMAR

- all together – ate in a restaurant
​
- compliment – vary among cultures
​
- all ready – members of the club are all ready
​
- beside – an army officer
​
- besides – her mother
​
- All together – reunion/gathered
​
- His/her own lunch – everybody
​
- Moral – fable stories

AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS

- Scarlet letter – Nathaniel Hawthorne
​
- J.K. Rowling – Harry Potter
​
- Oedipus Rex – Sophocles
​
- Paradise Lost – John Milton (Blind)
​
- The little Prince – Exupery
​
- ✓ “Only the hearts can see rightly”
​
- Sense & Sensibilities – Jane Austen
​
- Uncle Tom’s Cabin – Harriet Beecher Stowe
​
- Canterbury Tales – Geoffrey Chaucer (Father of English Literature)
​
- A**lects – Confucius
​
- Mark Twain – Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Adventures of Tom Sawyer
​
- Chronicles of Narnia – Caroll Lewis
​
- Iliad and Odyssey – Homer
​
- Annabel Lee – Edgar Allan Poe
​
- Animal Farm, and 1984 – George Orwell
​
- War and Peace and Anna Karenina – Leo Tolstoy
​
- God sees the truth but waits – Leo Tolstoy
​
- Don Quixote – Miguel Cervantes
​
- The Necklace – Guy De Maupassant
​
- William Shakespeare – Macbeth, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othello
​
- Macbeth – About overwhelming power
​
- Hamlet – to be or not to be/indecisiveness
​
- Pride and Prejudice – Jane Austen
​
- Christmas Carol – Story by Charles Dickens
​
- Dracula – Bram Stoker
​
- Rubaiyat – Omar Khayyat (Seize the day)
​
- Rabindranath Tagore – Gin Tanjali
​
- Divine Comedy – Dante A.
​
- Aeneid – Virgil
​
- The Decameron – Giovanni Bocassio
​
- Gettysburg Address – Abraham Lincoln
​
- Newyorker in Tondo – character: Kikay/Aling Atang / Nena
​
- Portrait as A Filipino Artist – Nick Joaquin
​
- Magic Carpet – DO NOT belong to arabian nights
​
- Francisco Rodrigo – Sa p**a sa puti
​
- America is in the heart – Carlos Bulusan
​
- Twelfth Night – William Shakespeare
​
- Tale of two Cities – Charles Dickens
​
- George Eliot – Mill on the floss (real name: Mary ann Evans)
​
- Silas Marner – Lonely miser



FILIPINO GENERAL EDUCATION

IMPORTANT KEYWORDS/TERMS

- KONOTASYON – galing sa sariling kahulugan
​
- BUWAYA – konotasyon
​
- DIPTONGO – binibigkas sa isang pantig
​
- SAYAW,AYAW,TAYNGA – diptonggo
​
- MUSIKA/BASKET – walang diptonggo
​
- TEKA,TENA DALI – pagkakaltas
​
- SALUBONG ANG KILAY – galit
​
- KAKAPASOK- – pagnagnada
​
- TINAPOS – perpektibo (tapos na)
​
- IPAPASA – panghihinahap (kontemplatibo)
​
- SAMAKATUWID – paglilinaw
​
- SUBALIT – hindi pag sang-ayon
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- SYNTAX – pangungusap
​
- PAGBAYBAY – ORTOGRAPIYA
​
- PONOLOHIYA – makabuluhang tunog
​
- SEMANTIKA – kahulugan
​
- MAY TATLONG PANLAPI – laguhan
​
- “KAGANDAHAN, MAGKAIBIGAN AT NANGUNAHAN – kabilaan
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- ALPABETONG PILIPINO – alibata/baybayin
​
- ISANG BAYAN – pagkakaisa
​
- LUBHANG – pang-abay (describe)
​
- GAMIT NG WIKA – ugnayan
​
- Wika – PAKIKIPAGDIGMAAN
​
- KABANATA I- panimula
​
- KABANATA II- RPL-RRS
​
- KABANATA III- methodology
​
- KABANATA IV- result & discussion, interpretation
​
- KABANATA V- conclusion, recommendation&summary
​
- “A STITCH IN TIME,SAVES NINE” – Maagap
​
- PANG-URI – kalakhang
​
- KAWILI-WILI- lathalain
​
- SUMUSURI- empirical (base sa evidence/may hypothesis)
​
- MABANAS, MAALINSANGAN, BANG-INIT – lalawiganin
​
- KOLOKYAL- salita araw-araw
​
- PANG-ABAY – matuling
​
- KILOS,GALAW,AT PANGYAYARI – pandiwa
​
- PANG-ANGKOP – na,ng at g
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- HUWARANG – pang-uri
​
- PANTURO – pamatlog
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- MATAAS NA ANTAS – panitikan/akda o sulatin
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- KINAKALTAS – panipi (')
​
- pang-uri (nag dedescribe sa pinag-uusapan) – nagbasa
​
- MANMANALUMPATI – paggulat na pagbigkas
​
- MAAGANG IPINAALAM – may kahandaan
​
- MOUNTAIN OUT OF A MOLE – eksaherado
​
- MAHINHING TALIPANDAS – mapagkunwari
​
- BUKAS-PALAD – mapagkawang-gawa
​
- SUNTOKS SA BUWAN – imposible



ENGLISH GENERAL EDUCATION

IMPORTANT KEYWORDS/TERMS

- Fondness – penchant
​
- predicted – prophecy
​
- Prophet – prophecy(apocalypse)
​
- Candidness – frankness
​
- candor – honesty
​
- Rancor – bitterness
​
- Agitated – nervousness
​
- Does not support – illogical
​
- Loquacious – verbose/talkative
​
- Easy task – piece of cake
​
- First rate – excellent/highest quality
​
- Writer article – byline
​
- The proposed project is – [incomplete]
​
- If you have misplaced your manual – I will be glad to lend you mine
​
- By the time you will arrive – the meeting will have ended
​
- Had I studied very well – I would have been rewarded
​
- Nobody wanted.. themselves
​
- Insecticides – on the use
​
- Impertinent – irrelevant
​
- Blacks sheep – metaphor
​
- Allusion – refer to historical events
​
- In turn – reciprocal
​
- Animals – Aesop’s Fables
​
- Fables – moral
​
- Stories collection – The Arabian nights
​
- Collection of stories – one thousand & one nights
​
- Iliad & odyssey – homer
​
- Mark twain – Samuel Clemens
​
- Haiku – 3 lines totaling 17 syllables
​
- Ballad – Narrative poem intended to be sung
​
- Lyric – poem intended to be sung
​
- Elegy – song to dead
​
- Eulogy – message to dead
​
- Rural – pastoral
​
- Exchange of letters- epistolary
​
- Scent of apples- bienvenido santos
​
- Good over evil- queen Elizabeth
​
- Virgin queen- queen Elizabeth I
​
- George Elliot- silas marner
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- Purgatory- dante Alighieri
​
- Period of English- elizabethan
​
- Ill-starred lovers- romeo and juliet
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- All are works of Shakespeare except- phantom the opera/les miserable
​
- Justice one must able to forgive- when mercy seasons justice
​
- Nick Joaquin- Filipino-hispanic
​
- Nelson mandela- unity,democracy,forgiving
​
- Informal guide- grandmother



GENERAL EDUCATION (MIXED)

1. Anong teorya ng wika ang nagmula sa iyak ng bata? COO – COO
​
2. Main organ for respiration LUNGS
​
3. Hunter shooting ducks COMPETITION
​
4. Ant colony ECOLOGICAL NICHE
​
5. Marine organism that causes Red Tide phenomenon MOLLUSK
​
6. Amoeboid PSEUDO FILAMENTS
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7. Protein shell of virus CAPSID
​
8. Perfume ESTERS
​
9. Elements in citric acid HYDROGEN AND NITROGEN
​
10. Discoverer of Penicillin ALEXANDER FLEMING
​
11. Heredity GREGOR MENDEL
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12. Taxonomy CAROLUS LINNAEUS
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13. Light travels fastest in AIR
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14. Colloid MILK
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15. Paper Clip SURFACE TENSION
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16. Arctic Environment WALRUS
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17. Cause of Global Warming GREENHOUSE GASES
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18. Food making process of plants PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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19. The molecule that allows plant to capture energy from sunlight CHLOROPHYLL
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20. Protons of Silicons 14
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21. Feeding connections between all life forms FOOD WEB
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22. Falls to earth poisoning fish and destroying vegetation ACID RAIN
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23. Sala Theatre NATY CRAME ROGERS
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24. Arena Theatre MONTANO
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25. First President of the Third Republic MANUEL A. ROXAS
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26. Writ of Habeas Data INFORMATION PRIVACY
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27. Writ of Habeas Corpus DEMAND PRESENCE OF THE ACCUSED
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28. To***co Monopoly JOSE BLANCO
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29. Leadership of people with talent MERITOCRACY
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30. House of Representatives and Senate BICAMERALISM
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31. Aboriginal settlers NEGRITOS
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32. First editor of La Solidaridad GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
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33. Earliest writing in the Philippines ALIBATA
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34. Who changed the date of Independence Day DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL
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35. Taking away of life without due process SALVAGING
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36. He coined the term “Frailocracia” MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
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37. Spanish Mestizo Priest PEDRO PELAEZ
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38. Agreement between Legaspi and Sikatuna BLOOD COMPACT
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39. Birthplace of Rizal CALAMBA, LAGUNA
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40. Father of Local Government AQUILINO PIMENTEL
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41. Judiciary check on the executive DECLARING THE LAWS SIGNED BY PRESIDENT UNCONSTITUTIONAL
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42. Tax paid by all adults COMMUNITY TAX
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43. Oldest religion in Asia HINDUISM
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44. Resettlement of Filipino to Cabecera Reduction
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45. Pianist CECILE LICAD
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46. Which of the following is an artistic tradition that seeks to revive past glory in various forms? CLASSICAL
​
47. Which is NOT a characteristic of people with a strong self-efficacy? AVOID CHALLENGING TASK
​
48. The ultimate objective of the comprehensive Agrarian Reform is: DISTRIBUTE ALL ARABLE LANDS TO THE LANDLESS
​
49. Constitutional safeguard that prevents one branch of government from becoming powerful or abusive CHECKS AND BALANCES
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50. Predominant characteristic of eastern religion OPTIMISM
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51. Modernisasyon ng wikang Filipino 1987
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52. Tila matino siya sa bayan, ngunit buwaya sa katithan TRAYDOR
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53. Salitang ugat ng salitang sinukuan SUKO
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54. Love Sonnets OPHELIA DIMALANTA
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55. Impertinent IRRELEVANT
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56. Candor FRANKNESS
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57. Sound DECISION
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58. Total ban ON THE USE
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59. Rancor BITTER
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60. Red little day IDIOM
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61. Hispanic Filipino writer NICK JOAQUIN
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62. He is the black sheep of the family METAPHOR
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63. When helping in the kitchen, I am always careful not to hurt _____. MYSELF
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64. My sister and I met an acquaintance of _____ on the shopping malls OURS
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65. In a matriarchal family which family member plays the leading role? MOTHER
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66. Prime factors of 273? 3 x 7 x 13
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67. Prime factors of 91? 7 x 13
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68. Prime factors of 56? 7 x 2 x 2 x 2
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69. Proponent of the Confucian Philosophy Kung Fu Tzu
​
70. He was the great plebeian and the father of Katipunan ANDRES BONIFACIO

ENGLISH AND PHILIPPINE LITERATURE NOTES

1. He is the first Asian writer to receive the Nobel Prize.
(Rabindranath Tagore)
2. He is considered as the greatest English writer and also known as the “Bard of
Avon”. (William Shakespeare)
3. This Shakespeare’s play is a story of a man whose downfall was caused by
overwhelming ambition for power.
(Macbeth)
4. He is known as the father of horror stories. (Edgar Allan Poe)
5. He is known as the Father of Essays.
(Francis Bacon)
6. This Omar Khayam’s work has the theme “Grasping pleasure while you can”. (Rubaiyat)
7. This short story by Edgar Allan Poe has the theme which is similar to the theme of
“Poison Tree”. (The Cask of Amontillado)
8. He is a Filipino writer whose stories and poems depict Filipino-Spanish cultural beliefs
and traditions. (Nick Joaquin)
9. He was the first Filipino National Artist for Literature awarded in 1973. (Jose Garcia
Villa)
10. He is a Filipino migrant whose fiction stories reflect the Filipino’s concept of American
culture. (Bienvenido Santos)
11. He is called a “comma poet” because he used commas extensively in his works.
(Jose Garcia Villa)
12. This is a collection of Indian beast fables originally written in Sanskrit. (Panchatantra)
13. This is the first great work of English literature.
(Beowulf)
14. This is the greatest lyric poem in the literature of the world. (Psalms of King David)
15. This is a folk song that originated in Pampanga. (Atin Cu PungSingsing)
16. He is known as the greatest Indian writer of all time.(Kalidasa)
17. He is called the “Morning Star” of English literature.
(Geoffrey Chaucer)
18. He is the first man to replace myth with natural laws.
(Thales of Melitus)
19. This is a collection of Indian sacred hymns. (Rig Veda)
20. This is a collection of Indian religious text.
(Upanishad)
21. He is regarded as the greatest haiku poet. (Matsuo Basho)
22. He is recognized as the father of American literature.
(Washington Irving)
23. He was the first mythical geographer who was recognized due to his vivid descriptions
of lands and people encountered by his hero, Ulysses. (Homer)
24. He is a famous composer from Angono, Rizal, and was given a National Artist Award.
(Luis San Pedro)
25. This is regarded as the most influential book in the history of English civilization. (The
King James Bible)
26. This is a pop**ar Philippine secular poetry in octosyllabic quatrains. (Korido)
27. It is a medieval German epic. (Nibelungenlied)
28. He is known as the master of “local color” because of his Pickwick Papers.
(Charles Dickens)
29. It is a story of a man’s effort to save his King from a monster. (Beowulf)
30. It is Jonathan Swift’s satire on human folly and stupidity. (Gulliver’s Travel)
31. He is a Philippine National Artist awardee for Literature, and used free verse and
espoused the dictum, "Art for art's sake“. (Jose Garcia Villa)
32. This is known as epic of Ifugao. (Hud-hud)
33. These poems are often erotic and espouse CARPE
DIEM or “seize the day”. (Cavalier Poems)
34. This is known to be the very first successful short story in English written in 1925 by Paz
Marquez Benitez. (Dead Stars)
35. She wrote the most exquisite love poems of her time in “Sonnets from the Portuguese”.
(Elizabeth Barrett Browning)
36. This is a very long poem about a pilgrimage from London to Canterbury.
(Canterbury Tales)
37. He is a Japanese poet who won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1968.
(Yasunari Kawabata)
38. This Indian epic which is considered as the longest poem ever written is made up of
almost 100,000 couplets divided into 18 parvans or sections
(Mahabharata)
39. This was the era of knights, chivalry, and castles in English literature.
(Middle Ages)
40. This is known as epic of Visaya.
(Maragtas)
41. This a pop**ar Philippine secular poetry in dodecasyllabic quatrains.
(Awit)
42. He is pop**arly known as “HusengSisiw”. (Jose Corazon de Jesus)
43. This period of English literature literally means “rebirth” in French
(Renaissance)
44. This is the first novel in English written by a Filipino writer in 1921. (Child of Sorrow,
(Zoilo Galang )
45. From which Francis Bacon’s essay is this line taken “Some books are to be tasted,
others are to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested”? (Of Studies)
46. This is the National Epic of England. (Beowulf)
47. He is known as the Father of Tragedy. (Christopher Marlowe)
48. From which Shakespeare’s play are these lines taken
“Good night, good night! Parting is such a sweet sorrow that I shall say good night till it be
morrow”?
(Romeo and Juliet)
49. He is the first black Nigerian writer to be awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1986.
(Wole Soyinka)
50. This is an epic of Ilocanos.
(Biag Ni Lam-Ang)
51. What is StevanJavellana’s 1947 novel that captured the moving tale of the cruelty and
the bravery of the war years?
(Without Seeing the Dawn)
52. What is Carlos Bulosan’s 1946 literary work that tells about the painful reality of the
American dream?
(America Is in the Heart)
53. He has been described as "arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English
history”.
(Samuel Johnson)
54. This is the National Epic of America. (The Song of Hiawatha)
55. This poem commemorates the life of a public leader, Abraham Lincoln. (O Captain! My
Captain!)
56. This literary work is believed to have triggered the
American Civil War. (Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Pm for notes/reviewers

PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION NOTES!

Save nyo na po ito!

PRAGMATISM

* Practice and trial-and-error learning
* Truth is what works in real life
* Learning through experience
* Associated with John Dewey
* Practical consequences determine truth

PROGRESSIVISM

* Experience-based education
* Child-centered learning
* Learning by doing
* Problem-solving approach
* Curriculum follows learners’ needs and interests

REALISM

* Reality, observation
* Learning based on reality
* Focus on facts and science
* Knowledge through observation
* Associated with Aristotle

BEHAVIORISM

* Observable behavior
* Learning is shown through behavior
* Stimulus-response (S-R)
* Reinforcement
* Associated with Skinner, Pavlov, and Thorndike

ESSENTIALISM

* Basic knowledge and skills
* Focus on the essentials
* Teacher-centered
* Discipline
* Reading, Writing, Arithmetic (3Rs)

EXISTENTIALISM

* Choice and personal freedom
* Personal meaning
* Individuality
* Responsibility
* Self-determination

HUMANISM

* Whole person
* Learner-centered
* Self-actualization
* Personal growth
* Maslow and Rogers

IDEALISM

* Mind over matter
* Ideas
* Values, mind, spirit
* Teacher as moral model
* Plato

PERENNIALISM

* Enduring truths
* Great books
* Teacher-centered
* Robert Hutchins

UTILITARIANISM

* Greatest good for the greatest number
* Best outcome for most people
* Consequences determine morality
* Jeremy Bentham
* John Stuart Mill

SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM

* Education reforms society
* Social problems
* Justice and equality
* George Counts

⸻

History of Philippine Education

PRE-SPANISH EDUCATION

* Survival
* Informal education
* Family and community
* Hunting, farming, fishing
* Elders as teachers

SPANISH EDUCATION

* Christianity
* Religious instruction
* Church-controlled schools
* Catechism
* Limited education

AMERICAN EDUCATION

* Democracy
* Free public education
* English
* Thomasites
* Citizenship

COMMONWEALTH EDUCATION

* Moral character
* Vocational preparation
* Nationalism
* Self-government
* Social and economic progress

JAPANESE EDUCATION

* Progress and productivity
* Love for labor
* Asian values
* Tagalog
* Anti-American ideas

⸻

Educational Thinkers

B. F. SKINNER

* Operant Conditioning
* Reinforcement
* Positive Reinforcement
* Negative Reinforcement
* Punishment

ALBERT BANDURA

* Modeling
* Observational Learning
* Imitation
* Self-efficacy
* Vicarious Reinforcement

BANDURA & RICHARD WALTERS

* Social Learning Theory
* Observation
* Models
* Imitation
* Attention

CARL JUNG

* A**lytical Psychology
* Collective Unconscious
* Archetypes
* Introvert/Extrovert
* Psychological Types

CONFUCIUS

* Education for all
* Golden Rule
* Moral education
* Respect for elders
* Good example

EDWARD THORNDIKE

* Connectionism
* Trial-and-error
* Law of Effect
* Law of Exercise
* Law of Readiness

ERIK ERIKSON

* Psychosocial Theory
* Eight Stages
* Trust vs. Mistrust
* Identity vs. Role Confusion
* Lifelong development

IVAN PAVLOV

* Classical Conditioning
* Association
* Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
* Conditioned Response (CR)
* Dogs experiment

JEAN PIAGET

* Cognitive Development
* Schemas
* Assimilation
* Accommodation
* Four Stages

FRIEDRICH FROEBEL

* Father of Kindergarten
* Play
* Gifts and Occupations
* Child-centered
* Children’s Garden

JOHANN HEINRICH PESTALOZZI

* Object Lessons (Realia)
* Concrete learning
* Head, Heart, Hands
* Froebel’s mentor
* Holistic development

JEROME BRUNER

* Discovery Learning
* Spiral Curriculum
* Enactive
* Iconic
* Symbolic

JOHN DEWEY

* Learning by Doing
* Experiential Learning
* Reflective Thinking
* School as Miniature Society
* Progressivism

JOHN LOCKE

* Tabula Rasa
* Blank Slate
* Empiricism
* Experience
* Environment

WOLFGANG KÖHLER

* Insight Learning
* “Aha!” Experience
* Gestalt Psychology
* Problem-solving
* Relationships

LAWRENCE KOHLBERG

* Moral Development
* Preconventional
* Conventional
* Postconventional
* Moral Dilemmas

LEV VYGOTSKY

* Sociocultural Theory
* Scaffolding
* Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
* More Knowledgeable Other (MKO)

SIGMUND FREUD

* Psychosexual Theory
* Id, Ego, Superego
* Unconscious Mind
* Stages of Personality
* Fixation

WILLIAM SHELDON

* Physiological Theory
* Body Types
* Endomorph
* Mesomorph
* Ectomorph

⸻

Ethics

HEDONISM

* Pleasure Principle
* Pleasure is the highest good
* Avoidance of pain

DOUBLE EFFECT

* Good and bad effects
* Good effect must be intended

FORMAL COOPERATION

* With intention
* Shares the wrong intention

MATERIAL COOPERATION

* Without intention
* Does not support the wrong act

LESSER EVIL

* Choose the less harmful option

⸻

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

* Oral (0–1) – Mouth, sucking
* A**l (1–3) – Toilet training
* Ph***ic (3–6) – Oedipus/Electra
* Latency (6–12) – Same-sex friendships
* Ge***al (Adolescence) – Mature sexuality

Oedipus Complex – Son attracted to mother

Electra Complex – Daughter attracted to father

⸻

Curriculum Development

* Curriculum Development – Continuous improvement
* Tyler Model – Objective-centered
* Hilda Taba – Grassroots approach
* Subject-Centered Curriculum
* Learner-Centered Curriculum
* Problem-Centered Curriculum
* Scope – Breadth
* Sequence – Order
* Continuity – Vertical repetition
* Integration – Linking learning experiences

⸻

Learning Principles

* Law of Readiness
* Law of Exercise
* Law of Effect
* Positive Reinforcement
* Negative Reinforcement
* Punishment
* Extinction
* Modeling
* Insight Learning
* Gestalt Theory – Whole is greater than the sum of its parts

⸻

Social Science Terms

* Enculturation – Learn own culture
* Acculturation – Adapt to another culture
* Assimilation – Absorb another culture
* Cultural Relativism – Understand culture in its own context
* Ethnocentrism – One’s culture is superior
* Sociology – Society
* Anthropology – Humanity and culture
* Economics – Production and consumption
* Political Science – Government
* Demography – Pop**ation

GENERAL EDUCATION BLESSINGS: TAKE NOTE OF THIS!
GRAMMAR

all together – ate in a restaurant
compliment – vary among cultures
all ready – members of the club are all ready
beside – an army officer
Besides – her mother
All together – reunion/gathered
His/her own lunch – everybody
Moral – fable stories

AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS
Scarlet letter – Nathaniel Hawthorne
J.K. Rowling – Harry Potter
Oedipus Rex – Sophocles
Paradise Lost – John Milton (Blind)
The little Prince – Exupery ("Only the hearts can see rightly")
Sense & Sensibilities – Jane Austen
Uncle Tom's Cabin – Harriet Beecherstowe
Canterbury Tales – Geoffrey Chaucer - (Father of English Literature)
A**lects – Confucious
Mark Twain – Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Chronicles of Narnia – Caroll Lewis
Iliad and Odyssey – Homer
Annabel Lee – Edgar Allan Poe
Animal Farm, and 1984 – George Orwell
War and Peace and Anna Karenina – Leo Tolstoy
God sees the truth but waits – Leo Tolstoy
Don Quixote – Miguel Cervantes
The Necklace – Guy De Maupassant
William Shakespeare – Macbeth, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othello
Macbeth – About overwhelming power
Hamlet – to be or not to be/ indecisiveness
Pride and Prejudice – Jane Austen
Christmas Carol – Story by Charles Dickens
Dracula – Bram Stoker
Rubaiyat – Omar Khayyat (Seize the day)
Rabindranath Tagore – Gin Tanjali
Divine Comedy – Dante A.
Aenid – Virgil
The Decameron – Giovanni Bocassio
Gettysburg Address – Abraham Lincoln
Newyorker in Tondo – character: Kikay/Aling Atang / Nena
Portrait as A Filipino Artist – Nick Joaquin
Magic Carpet – DO NOT belong to arabian nights
Fransisco Rodrigo – Sa p**a sa puti
America is in the heart – Carlos Bulusan
Twelfth Night – William Shakespeare
Tale of two Cities – Charles Dickens
George Eliot – Mill on the floss (real name: Mary ann Evans)
Silas Marner – Lonely miser

FILIPINO GENERAL EDUCATION: IMPORTANT KEYWORDS/TERMS

KONOTASYON - galing sa sariling kahulugan
BUWAYA - konotasyon
DIPTONGGO - binibigkas sa isang pantig
SAYAW,AYAW,TAYNGA - diptonggo
MUSIKA/BASKET - walang diptonggo
TEKA,TENA DALI - pagkakaltas
SALUBONG ANG KILAY - galit
KAKAPASOK - pagnagdaan
TINAPOS - perpektibo (tapos na)
IPAPASA - pangjhinaharap (kontemplatibo)
SAMAKATUWID - paglilinaw
SUBALIT - hindi pag sang-ayon
SYNTAX - pangungusap
PAGBAYBAY - ORTOGRAPIYA
PONOLOHIYA - makabuluhang tunog
SEMANTIKA - kahulugan
MAY TATLONG PANLAPI - laguhan
"KAGANDAHAN, MAGKAIBIGAN AT NANGUNAHAN" - kabilaan
ALFABETONG PILIPINO - alibata/baybayin
ISANG BAYAN - pagkakaisa
LUBHANG - pang-abay (describe)
GAMIT NG WIKA - ugnayan
Wika - PAKIKIPAGDIGMAAN
KABANATA I - panimula
KABANATA II - RPL-RRS
KABANATA III - methodology
KABANATA IV - result & discussion, interpretation
KABANATA V - conclusion, recommendation&summary
"A STITCH IN TIME,SAVES NINE" - Maagap
PANG-URI - kalakhang
KAWILI-WILI - lathalain
SUMUSURI - empirical (base sa evidence/may hypothesis)
MABANAS,MAALINSANGAN,BANG-INIT - lalawiganin
KOLOKYAL - salita araw-araw
PANG-ABAY - matuling
KILOS,GALAW,AT PANGYAYARI - pandiwa
PANG-ANGKOP - na,ng at g
HUWARANG - pang-uri
PANTURO - pamatlog
MATAAS NA ANTAS - panitikan/akda o sulatin
KINAKALTAS - panipi (")
pang-uri (nag dedescribe sa pinag-uusapan) - nagbasa
MANMANANALUMPATI - paggulat na pabigkas
MAAGANG IPINAALAM - may kahandaan
MOUNTAIN OUT OF A MOLE - eksaherado
MAHINHING TALIPANDAS - mapagkunwari
BUKAS-PALAD - mapagkawang-gawa
SUNTOKS SA BUWAN – imposible

ENGLISH GENERAL EDUCATION: IMPORTANT KEYWORDS/TERMS

Fondness - penchant
predicted - prophecy
Prophet - prophecy(apocalypse)
Candidness - frankness
candor - honesty
Rancor - bitterness
Agitated - nervousness
Does not support - illogical
Loquacious - verbose/talkative
Easy task - piece of cake
First rate - excellent/highest quality
Writer article - byline
The proposed project is
If you have misplaced your manual - I will be glad to lend you mine
By the time you will arrive - the meeting will have ended
Had I studied very well - I would have been rewarded
Nobody wanted... themselves
Insecticides - on the use
Impertinent - irrelevant
Blacks sheep - metaphor
Allusion - refer to historical events
In turn - reciprocal
Animals - Aesop's Fables
Fables - moral
Stories collection - The Arabian nights
Collection of stories - one thousand & one nights
Illiad & odyssey - homer
Mark twain - Samuel Clemens
Haiku - 3 lines totaling 17 syllables
Ballad - Narrative poem intended to be sung
Lyric - poem intended to be sung
Elegy - song to dead
Eulogy - message to dead
Rural - pastoral
Exchange of letters - epistolary
Scent of apples - bienvenido santos
Good over evil - queen Elizabeth
Virgin queen - queen Elizabeth I
George Elliot - silas marner
Purgatory - dante Alighieri
Period of English - elixabethan
Ill-starred lovers - romeo and julliet
All are works of Shakespeare except - phantom the opera/les miserable
Justice one must able to forgive - when mercy seasons justice
Nick Joaquin - Filipino-hispanic
Nelson mandela - unity,democracy,forgiving
Informal guide – grandmother