28/08/2026
On 22 August 1567, Fernando Ălvarez de Toledo, the Duke of Alba, reached Brussels with an army sent by King Philip II of Spain. Philip wanted to punish unrest after Protestants and others destroyed religious images in churches during the 1566 Iconoclastic Fury, and to enforce royal and Catholic authority across the Habsburg Netherlands.
The existing governor, Margaret of Parma, had already restored much of the kingâs control and believed Albaâs expedition was no longer needed. His arrival pushed her aside, while many Protestants and other opponents fled abroad because they feared repression.
Alba created the Council of Troubles in September 1567, which soon became known as the Council of Blood. It prosecuted thousands of people linked to the unrest, arrested the leading nobles Egmond and Horne on 9 September, and had them executed in Brussels on 5 June 1568.
The repression did not end resistance. William of Orange and his allies launched armed attacks in 1568, and the conflict developed into the Dutch Revolt and the Eighty Yearsâ War; in 1572, rebel forces seized towns in Holland and Zeeland. Albaâs rule is still remembered in Dutch history as a period of harsh repression. Fear did not end the revolt.