Philip OpenSource Technology Lab

Short and simple explanation of what a bug is in terms of computer programs.

A bug is an error in code that gets the computer lost. That is, when the computer encounters the bug, it won't know what else to do.

So basically, the computer gets stuck and can't find a way out of there.

To solve this, we use something called "Exception Handling"

This is a line of code that we include before the code that is suspected to have the bug.

The two keywords in exception handling are, "try" and "catch"

Try detects something unusual about the code and instead of the program crashing, it throws an exception.

This exception is another piece of code inside the catch block that is excecuted when a program fails as a result of a bug.

Exception Handling is used to solve the problem of the computer getting lost when it encounters a bug.

Do you understand?

All the recent buzz about AI which you are witnessing.

ChatGPT and GPT-4 are natural language processing AI.

Have you asked this question, " What is the place of hardware in all of this"?

I'm here to give you a short but insightful line of thought that will help you understand what's going on.

All of these AI tools are possible because of the design of virtual machines which extend the capabilities of the hardware and the use of higher level programming languages to develop software for computers.

This is the summary of everything happening.

Quote this anywhere, you can screenshot it and share it around. This explanation will make it to the top 10 list of the best and shortest on the issue of AI tool development.

The exciting thing about Python programming language is its rich multitude of Library functions.

This means that anything you wish to do has a function to take care of it.

Project Plan Template and Creation Steps:

A project plan includes a number of documents that guide the ex*****on and controlling phases of a project. The aim of this plan is to list out the goals, define the roles, explain the key stakeholders and provide schedule and cost baselines to define the process of how your team will manage the project. Typically a project plan includes project charter, statement of work, schedule baseline, Work Breakdown Structure, and other related important documents to answer who, what, where, and when of the project. Although writing a project plan seems a bit difficult, it worths all the efforts considering its benefits. In this article, we will provide a template example and explain what exactly a project plan is in project management. Keep on reading to learn the basics of project planning and the key steps to create a project plan with the help of an infographic.

What is a project plan?

A project plan is an extensive document that includes project schedule, budget, cost baseline, communication plan to guide both project ex*****on and control. As per the definition, we can understand that a project plan does not exactly mean the project schedule. It is a comprehensive document that also includes the project schedule.

1. List the milestones, major project deliverables, and project phases:
At this step, provide the scope and list the milestones, major project deliverables, and the phases;

Project initiation
Project Planning
Project Ex*****on
Project Closure

2. Define the Workflow:
Think about the overall flow of your project from beginning to close-up. Make a rough plan that includes major deliverables and key project milestones.

3. Breakdown the Project:
Breakdown of the major project deliverables into meaningful steps. Decide the detail level of your planning before creating the work breakdown structure. If you are creating a project plan for a large and complex project, the detail level of planning should be high.

4. List the Major Project Resources to be allocated to tasks
Think about the resources and list them to complete the major project tasks.

5. Provide a Summarized Schedule:
In order to keep your project on track, you need a basis to make comparisons. At this step, you need to provide a schedule that has a low detail level. Activities should be grouped and listed under work breakdown structure levels. You can create the schedule by using software such as Primavera P6 or Microsoft Project Professional.

6. List the Assumptions and Constraints
This section is one of the most important sections of a project plan template. List the assumptions that you made and the constraints that you identified while planning.

Examples for assumptions;

There will be no change in the scope
Resources will be available when needed

Example of a constraint;

The second shift is not allowed by the client.

7. Provide a Cost Baseline
Provide a cost baseline that includes the cost of the major project deliverables.

8. Appendices
You can provide a list of key stakeholders, the communication plan, charts, graphs, and other relevant information.

Credits: Project cubicle

Take note.

What is a PID Controller❓

🔶Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller is an automatically optimized and accurate control system used to regulate different parameters like temperature, pressure and speed at desired values.

🔶 The basic mechanism used in PID controllers is control loop feedback.

🔶A PID calculates the error by calculating difference between actual value and desired value and then sets the deciding parameters accordingly. This error is continuously being calculated until the process stops.

🔶Industrial Batch Temperature Control is the best example to understand PID controllers. Industrial Batch Heat Controls are performed in a Closed system and they don’t have any mechanism to maintain a constant heat inside the system. Therefore, PIDs are used to control the heat supply and make the net effect of all operations commercially and economically profitable.

🔶Proportional is used to find out the error between the desired value and actual value and is responsible for the corrective response.

🔶Integral is applied to calculate all the past values of error and then integrate them to find out the Integral term. When error is expelled from the system this integral stops increasing.

🔶The derivative is used to predict the expected error values in future based on the present values. Controlling effect can be increased if the system has a rapid rate of change, which is also based on Derivative. Combining all these three operations gives the name Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) Controller.

🔶Mathematical Form of pid controller
The Mathematical for of PID Controller can be given as

ut=Kp et + Ki0tet‘dt‘ + Kdde(t)/dt

Kp is the coefficient of Proportional term.

Ki is the coefficient of integral term.

Kd is the coefficient of derivative term.

Take note. Amazing.

The 17 Equations That Changed The World

1) The Pythagorean Theorem : This theorem is foundational to our understanding of geometry. It describes the relationship between the sides of a right triangle on a flat plane: square the lengths of the short sides, a and b, add those together, and you get the square of the length of the long side, c.

This relationship, in some ways, actually distinguishes our normal, flat, Euclidean geometry from curved, non-Euclidean geometry. For example, a right triangle drawn on the surface of a sphere need not follow the Pythagorean theorem.

2) Logarithms : Logarithms are the inverses, or opposites, of exponential functions. A logarithm for a particular base tells you what power you need to raise that base to to get a number. For example, the base 10 logarithm of 1 is log(1) = 0, since 1 = 10 0 ; log(10) = 1, since 10 = 10 1 ; and log(100) = 2, since 100 = 10 2 .

The equation in the graphic, log(ab) = log(a) + log(b), shows one of the most useful applications of logarithms: they turn multiplication into addition.

Until the development of the digital computer, this was the most common way to quickly multiply together large numbers, greatly speeding up calculations in physics, astronomy, and engineering.

3) Calculus : The formula given here is the definition of the derivative in calculus. The derivative measures the rate at which a quantity is changing. For example, we can think of velocity, or speed, as being the derivative of position - if you are walking at 3 miles per hour, then every hour, you have changed your position by 3 miles.

Naturally, much of science is interested in understanding how things change, and the derivative and the integral - the other foundation of calculus - sit at the heart of how mathematicians and scientists understand change.

4) Law of Gravity : Newton's law of gravitation describes the force of gravity between two objects, F, in terms of a universal constant, G, the masses of the two objects, m 1 and m 2 , and the distance between the objects, r. Newton's law is a remarkable piece of scientific history - it explains, almost perfectly, why the planets move in the way they do. Also remarkable is its universal nature - this is not just how gravity works on Earth, or in our solar system, but anywhere in the universe.

Newton's gravity held up very well for two hundred years, and it was not until Einstein's theory of general relativity that it would be replaced.

5) The square root of -1 : Mathematicians have always been expanding the idea of what numbers actually are , going from natural numbers, to negative numbers, to fractions, to the real numbers. The square root of -1, usually written i , completes this process, giving rise to the complex numbers.

Mathematically, the complex numbers are supremely elegant. Algebra works perfectly the way we want it to - any equation has a complex number solution, a situation that is not true for the real numbers : x 2 + 4 = 0 has no real number solution, but it does have a complex solution: the square root of -2. Calculus can be extended to the complex numbers, and by doing so, we find some amazing symmetries and properties of these numbers. Those properties make the complex numbers essential in electronics and signal processing.

6) Euler's Polyhedra Formula : Polyhedra are the three-dimensional versions of polygons, like the cube to the right. The corners of a polyhedron are called its vertices, the lines connecting the vertices are its edges, and the polygons covering it are its faces.

A cube has 8 vertices, 12 edges, and 6 faces. If I add the vertices and faces together, and subtract the edges, I get 8 + 6 - 12 = 2.

Euler's formula states that, as long as your polyhedron is somewhat well behaved, if you add the vertices and faces together, and subtract the edges, you will always get 2. This will be true whether your polyhedron has 4, 8, 12, 20, or any number of faces.

Euler's observation was one of the first examples of what is now called a topological invariant - some number or property shared by a class of shapes that are similar to each other. The entire class of "well-behaved" polyhedra will have V + F - E = 2. This observation, along with with Euler's solution to the Bridges of Konigsburg problem , paved the way to the development of topology, a branch of math essential to modern physics.

7) Normal distribution : The normal probability distribution, which has the familiar bell curve graph to the left, is ubiquitous in statistics.

The normal curve is used in physics, biology, and the social sciences to model various properties. One of the reasons the normal curve shows up so often is that it describes the behavior of large groups of independent processes .

8) Wave Equation : This is a differential equation, or an equation that describes how a property is changing through time in terms of that property's derivative, as above. The wave equation describes the behavior of waves - a vibrating guitar string, ripples in a pond after a stone is thrown, or light coming out of an incandescent bulb. The wave equation was an early differential equation, and the techniques developed to solve the equation opened the door to understanding other differential equations as well.

9) Fourier Transform : The Fourier transform is essential to understanding more complex wave structures, like human speech. Given a complicated, messy wave function like a recording of a person talking, the Fourier transform
allows us to break the messy function into a combination of a number of simple waves, greatly simplifying analysis.
The Fourier transform is at the heart of modern signal processing and analysis, and data compression.

10) Navier-Stokes Equations : Like the wave equation, this is a differential equation. The Navier-Stokes equations describes the behavior of flowing fluids - water moving through a pipe, air flow over an airplane wing, or smoke rising from a cigarette. While we have approximate solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations that allow computers to simulate fluid motion fairly well, it is still an open question ( with a million dollar prize ) whether it is possible to construct mathematically exact solutions to the equations.

11) Maxwell's Equations : This set of four differential equations describes the behavior of and relationship between electricity (E) and magnetism (H).

Maxwell's equations are to classical electromagnetism as Newton's laws of motion and law of universal gravitation are to classical mechanics - they are the foundation of our explanation of how electromagnetism works on a day to day scale. As we will see, however, modern physics relies on a quantum mechanical explanation of electromagnetism, and it is now clear that these elegant equations are just an approximation that works well on human scales.

12) Second Law of Thermodynamics : This states that, in a closed system, entropy (S) is always steady or increasing. Thermodynamic entropy is, roughly speaking, a measure of how disordered a system is. A system that starts out in an ordered, uneven state - say, a hot region next to a cold region - will always tend to even out, with heat flowing from the hot area to the cold area until evenly distributed.

The second law of thermodynamics is one of the few cases in physics where time matters in this way. Most physical processes are reversible - we can run the equations backwards without messing things up. The second law, however, only runs in this direction. If we put an ice cube in a cup of hot coffee, we always seeG the ice cube melt, and never see the coffee freeze.

13) Relativity : Einstein radically altered the course of physics with his theories of special and general relativity. The classic equation E = mc 2 states that matter and energy are equivalent to each other. Special relativity brought in ideas like the speed of light being a universal speed limit and the passage of time being different for people moving at different speeds.

General relativity describes gravity as a curving and folding of space and time themselves, and was the first major change to our understanding of gravity since Newton's law. General relativity is essential to our understanding of the origins, structure, and ultimate fate of the universe.

14) Schrodinger's Equation : This is the main equation in quantum mechanics. As general relativity explains our universe at its largest scales, this equation governs the behavior of atoms and subatomic particles.

Modern quantum mechanics and general relativity are the two most successful scientific theories in history - all of the experimental observations we have made to date are entirely consistent with their predictions. Quantum mechanics is also necessary for most modern technology - nuclear power, semiconductor-based computers, and lasers are all built around quantum phenomena.

15) Information Theory : The equation given here is for Shannon information entropy . As with the thermodynamic entropy given above, this is a measure of disorder. In this case, it measures the information content of a message - a book, a JPEG picture sent on the internet, or anything that can be represented symbolically. The Shannon entropy of a message represents a lower bound on how much that message can be compressed without losing some of its content.

Shannon's entropy measure launched the mathematical study of information, and his results are central to how we communicate over networks today.

16) Chaos Theory : This equation is May's logistic map . It describes a process evolving through time - x t+1 , the level of some quantity x in the next time period - is given by the formula on the right, and it depends on x t , the level of x right now. k is a chosen constant. For certain values of k, the map shows chaotic behavior: if we start at some particular initial value of x, the process will evolve one way, but if we start at another initial value, even one very very close to the first value, the process will evolve a completely different way.

We see chaotic behavior - behavior sensitive to initial conditions - like this in many areas. Weather is a classic example - a small change in atmospheric conditions on one day can lead to completely different weather systems a few days later, most commonly captured in the idea of a butterfly flapping its wings on one continent causing a hurricane on another continent

17) Black-Scholes Equation : Another differential equation, Black-Scholes describes how finance experts and traders find prices for derivatives. Derivatives - financial products based on some underlying asset, like a stock - are a major part of the modern financial system.

The Black-Scholes equation allows financial professionals to calculate the value of these financial products, based on the properties of the derivative and the underlying asset.

For more interesting video lectures on CONTROL SYSTEM and other engineering subjects, visit the timeline of Abhishek Singh.... Has plenty of video tutorials for you.

Cheers!!!

Useful stuff

Nearly a quarter-century later, why is C++ still so popular? - SD Times How and why can a programming language standardized so long ago remain relevant in the age of cloud and high-performance computing?

Useful stuff.

C++ is the new Python C++ is spreading its wings in finance jobs.