Ma'ahad Sheikh Khamis C.Q.S Old Student

JEBBA bridge was the first bridge built by the colonial masters in Nigeria. It links northern and southern part of Nigeria and it was through this bridge that most farm produce from the north were "transported" to Lagos and then shipped to Europe.

COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY OF HOW THE NIGERIAN ARMY CAME TO BE

The history of the Nigerian Army dates back to 1863 when Lt. Glover of the Royal Navy selected 18 indigenes from the Northern part of what is now Nigeria and organized them into a local force, called the “Glover Hausas”.

The small army of locals was used by Glover during his rule as the governor of Lagos to carry out punitive expeditions in the Lagos hinterland and as well to protect British trade routes around Lagos.

In 1865, the “Glover Hausas” became a regular force and had their name changed to “Hausa Constabulary”. They performed both police and military duties for the colonial government. They later became ‘Lagos Constabulary.”

On incorporation into the West Africa Frontier Force (WAFF). In 1901, They became known as “Lagos Battalion.” In addition to the force, the British government included the Royal Niger Company (RNC), Constabulary Force in Northern Nigeria in 1886 and the oil rivers irregular in 1891.

In 1889, Lord Fredrick Lugard had formed the incipient body of what was to be known in 1890 as the West Africa Frontier Force, (WAFF), in Jebba, Northern Nigeria.

The new unit expanded by absorbing the Northern Nigeria-based elements of the Royal Niger Company (RNC) Constabulary. By the end of 1901, it had incorporated all paramilitary units in the other British dependencies into its command, thus fully meriting its designation “WAFF.”

The establishment of West African Frontier Force (WAFF) led to the merger of all units into regiment in each of the dependencies. The merger in Nigeria produced the northern Nigerian Regiment and Southern Nigerian Regiment.

The First commanders of the Southern Regiments of WAFF were Lt CHP Carter (1899-1901) and Col J Wilcox (1900-1909) respectively. The two regiments were later used for expeditions during the annexation of Nigeria by Lord Lugard between 1901 and 1903.

With the amalgamation of Nigeria in 1914, the unification of the northern and Southern Regiments came into being and this witnessed the birth of the Nigerian Regiments.

The Northern Nigerian Regiments became the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the Nigerian Regiment, while the Southern Nigerian Regiment became the 3rd and 4th Battalions of the Nigerian Regiments (NR).

The mounted infantry of the Northern Regiments became the ordinary Infantry Battalion after the Second World War. A field artillery also existed in the Northern Regiment.

With the visit of Queen Elizabeth of Britain between 28 January and 15 February, 1956, the Nigerian regiment was renamed the Queens Own Nigerian Regiments (QONR).

Also in the same year, the regionalization of the WAFF came into existence and each military force became independent of the other. As a result, the QONR became the Nigerian Military Force (NMF).

By 1st June, 1958, the British Army Council in London relinquished control of NMF to the Nigerian Government.

In 1960, when Nigeria became independent, the NMF became known as Royal Nigerian Army (RNA). When Nigeria became a republic, the RNA changed to the Nigerian Army.

In the same year, the Army changed its uniform, rank structure and instruments from those of RWAFF to new ones including green khaki uniform.

*KADUNA: A BRIEF HISTORY.

The History of Kaduna is generally related with power, struggle and dominance. This is because it is considered the headquarters of Politics, Military Formations and Centre of Learning in Nigeria. Generally it has been established that Kaduna is a term derived from the Hausa term ‘Kadduna’ to mean crocodiles. Although some scholars are of the opinion that it had been in existence since the 14th century AD. However, writing of Smith suggests that it may have been peopled even much earlier, thus making it belong to the area that experienced further influx as a result of tectonic changes experienced during one of the earliest change in climatic condition. Much of what is known of the area especially in area of power and administration became clearer with the arrival of the British in the 20th century when it was made a garrison town for the WAFF and later a capital city for the colonial government in Northern Nigeria. In this way, Kaduna was a city founded to play dual roles: a military garrison and a political headquarter. By the end of the twentieth century it has become the headquarters of most military formations in Nigeria. This includes HQ Garrison Mechanized Division, Nigerian Army, HQ Training Command, Nigerian Air Force, Nigerian Defence Academy, Defence Industries Corporation, Nigerian Air force Base. With this the surrounding towns like Jaji, Kachia and Zaria benefitted greatly as it also hosted some other military formations. For instance in Jaji we have Armed Forces Command and Staff College, Nigerian Army Peace Keeping Centre, Nigerian Army School of Infantry and the Infantry Corps Centre. Zaria has the Recruit Training Depot, Nigerian Army, Nigerian Military School, Nigerian Army School of Military Police and 11 Field Engineers Regiment; while Kachia host the Nigerian Army School of Artillery.
Kaduna: Land and Peopling
Kaduna in term of landmass/space has a total area of 332, 400 sq. miles, the Northern Nigeria (North-West, North-Central and North-East, this is completely outside what was to be the Sardauna Province that was added to it after the 1963 plebiscites) had 255, 400 Sq. m while Southern Nigeria (the South-West, South-East and South-South combined) had only 76, 700 Sq.m. For this even then the North was made up of ¾ of Nigeria and at least the capital of this bigger part of Nigeria (Kaduna) should provide the administrative capital.
Since its establishment, Kaduna has always been relevant in Nigeria’s scheme of things.
​In term of population, the area has continually experienced astronomical growth when compared with other area which maintain same status as Kaduna. For instance with a population of less than 2000 indigenous population in 1907, the first batch of 2000 soldiers added to the population by 1914. The railway was attracting people as labourers, artisans, sellers etc. The original workforce was 300 and soon rose to become 3317 men and by late 1914 because many were recruited into the army to join the World War I, the labour force dropped to 2,500 men, while migrants in such places as Tudun Wada, Sabon Gari and Makera rose to about 5000. By 1927 when the Kaduna-Port Harcourt railway was opened, the population increased with more migrants and the township could boast of over 10,000 inhabitants. By the 1952 census, the population rose to over 38,000 and with the 1963 census, the population rose to about 250,000. The 1991 census Kaduna city had about 1,307,311 (including the suburbs of the town in such Local Government areas of Igabi and Chukun) a little over of entire state’s population. That of 2006 was put at about 2 million (figures not verified). And as a result of the demographic change as well as its urban nature, Kaduna became an important city to many people and for many reasons. This is where the some of the challenges facing Kaduna may be located.

​Apart from Lagos (and of recent Abuja) Kaduna is noted for its cosmopolitan population and composition. This according to research is hinged on the fact that it is easy accessible to people especially owing to the fact that it host on one hand the railway junction from coast of Lagos of up 1,200 km linking the northern parts of: Zaria-Kano-Nguru and Maiduguri; Zaria- Funtua, Gusau and Kaura Namoda; Zaria-Jos-Kafanchan and on the other hand the Kaduna railway lines linking the north with the Eastern part of the country through Kafanchan-Makurdi-Enugu and Port Harcourt to the sea. The import of this to Economic Historian is that it has led to the heavy industrialization of the area and as such attracted people as well as a source of economic growth in the city even before Independence on 1960. Once the country attained Independence in 1960, the influx of people into the area increased , so much so that by the early 1990’s, it had attained the status of industrial-cum-economic nerve center and thus becoming a major melting point that it became a mini-Nigeria.
The Making of Modern Kaduna
Although Kaduna had a history of attracting population even before the conquest of the Nigerian area in the early 1900, but its attraction to the international world was already visible to the imperial world much earlier than some areas in modern Nigeria. For instance due to the strategic nature of Kaduna, Lord Fredrick Lugard the British High Commissioner as early as 1902, set up a Committee headed by Captain H. Gyme Howell to visit Kaduna as a neutral settlement and survey its suitability as a capital even before the conquest of the entire northern Nigeria and submits his recommendation. With this, the British government continued to make grand efforts to secure the place for the future. This became realistic which the conquest and eventual fall of the Caliphate to the British in 1903, which made Kaduna to serve as a neutral ground in the mobilization and preparation of the military conquest, which further justified its importance to the colonial government. This made Kaduna more of a military centre as was justified by 1907 action during which , the British following several surveys and Lugard made Kaduna headquarter of the Northern Nigerian Regiment of the WAFF and ordered the movement of troops on permanent relocation to Kaduna. When Lugard’s exploit in the North was appreciated and rewarded as Governor-General of Nigeria in 1913, he revisited Howell’s recommendations of the choice of Kaduna as capital for the Northern Protectorate and wrote the Secretary of State in London, Lord Harcourt, of the choice of a new capital for Northern Nigeria stating thus:
“I recommend, therefore, that the capital (for northern Nigeria) should now be moved to the point where the railway crosses the Kaduna at mile 572 from Lagos. The movement started in 1913 before the World War I broke out in 1914”.
Thus from the onset, it is clear that the creation of Kaduna as a strategic point even by the colonial government was primarily to serve as a convenient capital firstly for the WAFF in northern Nigeria and later as the Administrative capital of the Northern Nigerian Protectorate. According to Oyedele, this marked a turning point in the history of urbanization and metropolitan development in Nigeria, which was a great departure from the history of the formation and existence of hitherto traditional cities in northern Nigeria in particular and the country in general. This was because in establishing Kaduna as a capital city therefore, not only that the British colonial administration made virtue out of expediency, but that since then the town has remain as the nerve centre in the political, military, economic and social history and development not only the present 19 Northern States in the Nigeria but the entire country. Again not only that Kaduna is a center of learning, it remains one of the leading industrial centers in the country and in the North in particular. This has been particularly noted by scholars when opined and acknowledge that over the years, Kaduna remains one of the few cities in Nigeria established as a capital city during the colonial period and has remain so till date.

This view is back by the following facs:

➢ Firstly, that First as the headquarters of the West African Frontier Forces during the conquest of northern Nigeria in 1907 and then the capital of the defunct Protectorate of Northern Nigeria 1913-1957.

➢ Secondly, when the Regional government was introduced, Kaduna was maintained as the capital of the Northern Regional Government under the Premiership of the late Sardauna of Sokoto, Ahmadu Bello, from 1957-1967.

➢ Thirdly as early as the 1960’s, it maintained a status as the capital of the North-Central State 1967-1975. Following the renaming of the North-Central State in 1975 as Kaduna State (comprising of the defunct Zaria and Katsina Provinces), Kaduna yet remained the State’s capital between 1975 and 1987 when Katsina State was created out of the then Kaduna State and Kaduna has been the capital city of the new but present Kaduna State since then..
Kaduna in Modern Nigerian Politics
The struggle for Independence from the British colonial authority, led to a situation in which some Western educated elites in Northern Nigeria largely resident in Kaduna saw themselves as a united force to champion this course. It was therefore not surprising that in October 1951, this United Force came together to form a cultural association they named Jam’iyar Mutanen Arewa, which was later transmuted into a political party in July 1952 and named Northern People’s Congress (NPC). To justify the future role Kaduna was to play in the country’s political development, this party with large following had its first convention in Kaduna and was to become the party that formed government both in the North and in Nigeria up to January 1966 when the first coup d’état was executed. Even without a Regional Government, Kaduna still remains an important capital for the Northern states in Nigeria where the 19 States Governors as well as the Council of Northern Traditional Rulers meet regularly to discuss affecting their jurisdictions. Today Kaduna houses the Headquarters of the Jama’atul Nasir Islam established since 1963 and the Christian Association of Nigeria established since 1980.

References

Bako, A. Kaduna and Colonial Urban Policies in Northern Nigeria” in A. M. Ashafa, (ed) ​Urbanization and Infrastructure in Nigeria since the 20th Century: Festschrift in Honour​​of Professor Ezzeldeen Mukhtar Abdulrahman, Kaduna State University, 2010 Pp. 84-98.
Bako, K. B. Y. “A Historical Analysis of the Media and Conflicts in Kaduna State, 1987-2011”, ​M. A. ​History and International Studies Thesis, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna​​January 2016.
James, I. Studies in the History, Politics and Cultures of Southern Kaduna people Groups, Landsomas Press Ltd. Jos, 1997.
Kirk-Green, A.H.M. Lugard and the Amalgamation of Nigeria, Frankcass, London, 1968.
Mijah, B. E. “Globalization, Megacities and the Challenges of Governance: A Case Study of Kaduna” in A. M. Ashafa, (ed) Urbanization and Infrastructure in Nigeria since the 20th Century: Festscrift in Honur of Professor Ezzeldeen Mukhtar Abdulrahman, Kaduna State University, 2010 Pp. 264-276.

Oyedele, E.O. "Colonial Urbanization in Northern Nigeria: Kaduna 1913-1960" PhD Thesis, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 1987.
Oyedele, E. O. “The British and the Making of a Capital City: The Example of Kaduna, 1913-1960” in A. M. Ashafa, (ed) Urbanization and Infrastructure in Nigeria since the 20th Century: Festscrift in Honur of Professor Ezzeldeen Mukhtar Abdulrahman, Kaduna State University, 2010 Pp.20-60.
Oweyele, D. "Kaduna-Administrative Town" Nigerian Magazine, No 71 December 1961.
Paden, J. Ahmadu Bello Sardauna of Sokoto: Values and Leadership, Huda Huda Press, Zaria, 1986.
Uba, C.N. “Military Factor in Urbanization in Nigeria: The Example of Kaduna” in A. M. Ashafa, (ed) Urbanization and Infrastructure in Nigeria since the 20th Century: Festscrift in Honur of Professor Ezzeldeen Mukhtar Abdulrahman, Kaduna State University, 2010 Pp61-83.

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