𝙼𝙷𝙸𝚂𝚃𝙴𝚁__𝚂𝙰𝙻𝙸𝙼

CIWON KODA KASHI NA BIYU (PART 2)

🚨 Ku kula da lafiyar kodarku‼️

Ku daure ku karanta wannan rubutu, kada ku ji yayi yawa, saboda koda tana wanke jini sau 36–40 a kowace rana.Tana tace kusan gallon 50 na ruwa a rana (≈ lita 180), amma tana mayar da mafi yawan ruwan cikin jiki sannan ta fitar da dattin a matsayin fitsari, ita bata gaji ba sekai mai karatu zakagaji da karanta abunda zai taimaka ka kula da lafiyar ta!

A rubutun da ya gabata nayi bayani akan sassan koda.Yau kuma zamu tattauna akan muhimman ayyukan da koda take yi – kyauta da Allah (SWT) ya ba mu batare da mun biya komai ba.

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MUHIMMAN AYYUKAN DA KODA TAKE YI

♻️ TSAFTACE JINI (Filtration of Blood):
Koda tana tace jini ta cire datti irin su yuremiya (urea), creatinine da kuma rage gishirin da ya yi yawa a jiki. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa jinin mu yake kasantuwa a tsaftace.

♻️ DAIDAITA RUWAN JIKI (Regulation of Water Balance):
Koda tana kula da ruwan jiki – tana hana ruwa ya yi yawa (overhydration) ko ya yi ƙasa (dehydration).

♻️ DAIDAITA GUDUN/MATSIN JINI (Regulation of Blood Pressure):
Koda tana sakin RENIN, wani sinadari ne mai taimakawa wajen daidaita matsin jini (blood pressure).

♻️ DAIDAITA SINADARAI (Regulation of Electrolytes):
Koda tana daidaita sinadarai irin su sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, phosphate da sauransu, waɗanda suke da matuƙar muhimmanci a jikinmu.

♻️ DAIDAITA pH NA JINI (Regulation of Acid-Base Balance):
Koda tana hana jini ya zama mai tsami sosai (acidosis) ko mai ɗaci sosai (alkalosis), tana tabbatar da pH ya tsaya tsakanin 7.35–7.45.

♻️ SAMAR DA HORMONES (Production of Hormones):
Koda tana fitar da ERYTHROPOIETIN wanda yake sa a samar da ƙwayoyin jini ja (Red blood cells).
Hakanan tana canza Vitamin D zuwa siffar da jiki zai iya amfani da shi don ƙarfafa ƙashi da hakora.

♻️ TACE GUBA (Detoxification):
Koda tana taimakawa wajen tace guba, magunguna, da sauran abubuwan da ka iya cutar da lafiyar jiki.

✍️RN. Isah Tijjani Hadejia

Salmonella typhi test
1. Objective
The objective of the test was to detect the presence of Salmonella typhi in patient samples and to confirm the diagnosis of typhoid fever.
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2. Principle
The principle was based on antigen–antibody reactions and culture methods:
• In the Widal test, patient serum was mixed with standardized antigens of S. typhi (O and H antigens). Visible agglutination indicated the presence of corresponding antibodies.
• In culture methods, blood, stool, or bone marrow samples were inoculated into selective media, and growth of characteristic colonies was confirmed by biochemical tests.
• Rapid tests also used immunochromatographic techniques to detect S. typhi antigens.
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3. Materials
The materials that were used included:
• Patient blood or stool sample
• Test tubes, slides, and pipettes
• Widal antigen suspensions (O, H, AH, BH)
• Nutrient broth and selective media (e.g., MacConkey agar, XLD agar)
• Incubator
• Microscope
• Safety equipment (gloves, lab coat, mask)
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4. Procedure (Microscopic)
1. Blood was collected and serum separated.
2. Serial dilutions of the patient’s serum were prepared in test tubes.
3. Equal volumes of antigen suspension (O, H, AH, BH) were added.
4. The tubes were incubated at 37°C for 2 hours.
5. Agglutination was observed macroscopically and confirmed microscopically.
6. For culture, blood/stool samples were inoculated on selective agar and incubated. Colonies suspected of S. typhi were stained (Gram-negative rods) and confirmed biochemically.
7. Results were recorded and compared with reference titers.
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5. Result
A sample Widal test result showed:
• TO (O antigen): 1:160 (significant)
• TH (H antigen): 1:320 (significant)
• AH: Negative
• BH: Negative
Culture: Salmonella typhi growth confirmed (Gram-negative rods, positive biochemical reactions).

Widal Test
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1. Objective

The objective of the Widal test was to detect agglutinating antibodies (agglutinins) against the O and H antigens of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi, aiding in the diagnosis of enteric (typhoid and paratyphoid) fever.

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2. Principle

The Widal test was a serological agglutination test. When serum from a typhoid patient was mixed with killed Salmonella antigens, it caused visible clumping (agglutination) if specific antibodies were present.

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3. Materials

Patient’s serum sample

Widal antigen suspensions (O, H, AH, BH)

Test tubes or slide for slide agglutination

Pipettes

Saline

Water bath (optional for incubation)

Slide/Tube agglutination viewer

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4. Procedure

A. Slide Method (Qualitative)

1. A drop of patient’s serum was placed on a slide.

2. Equal volume of each antigen (O, H, AH, BH) was added.

3. The slide was rotated for 1 minute.

4. Agglutination (clumping) was observed.

B. Tube Method (Quantitative)

1. Serum was serially diluted in test tubes.

2. Antigen suspensions were added to each tube.

3. Tubes were incubated at 37°C for 16–20 hours.

4. The highest dilution showing agglutination was recorded as the antibody titer.

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5. Result

Significant titers:

Anti-O: ≥1:80

Anti-H: ≥1:160

A rising titer in paired samples over 7–10 days was more diagnostic.

Note: A single high titer may not confirm active infection without clinical correlation or history of vaccination.

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6. Uses

Diagnosed typhoid and paratyphoid fever

Monitored antibody response

Common in areas with limited access to culture facilities

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7. Conclusion

The Widal test provided a quick and simple serological method for presumptive diagnosis of enteric fever, though it required careful interpretation and correlation with clinical findings and other tests.

MENENE CIWON MAFITSARA WATO URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI)?

UTI (Ciwon Mafitsara) cuta ce da ke faruwa a kowane bangare na tsarin hanyar fitsari wanda ya haɗa da:

Koda (Kidneys)

2. Tiyan fitsari (Ureters)

3. Bargon fitsari (Bladder)

4. Mashigar fitsari (Urethra)

A yawan lokuta, cutar tana faruwa ne a ƙananan sassan mafitsara wanda sune : bargon fitsari (Bladder) da mashigar fitsari (Urethra).

NAU’O’IN CIWON MAFITSARA

1. Cystitis – Cutar bargon fitsari

2. Urethritis – Cutar mashigar fitsari

3. Pyelonephritis – Cutar koda

ABUBUWAN DA KE HADDASA CIWON MAFITSARA

1. Yawanci bakteriya ne ke haddasa ciwon mafitsara musamman nau’in bakteriya da ake ƙira da Escherichia coli (E. coli) – wacce ake samu daga babban hanji.

2. Ana samun wannan ciwo ta hanyar Jima’i

3. Rashin tsafta

4. Amfani da katata (catheter)

5. Duwatsu a cikin koda ko bargon fitsari (Kidney Stones)

6. Ciwon suga (Diabetes) na iya jawo ciwon mafitsara

7. Raunin garkuwar jiki

ABUBUWAN DA KE KARA HADARI GA
MACE (saboda gajeriyar mashigar fitsari)

1. Yawaita yin jima'i

2. Menopos (tsayawar jinin al’ada)

3. Juna biyu

4. Matsaloli a tsarin fitsari

5. Sabbin hanyoyin jinya na fitsari

ALAMOMIN CIWON MAFITSARA (ga ƙananan sassa (bladder da urethra):

1. Jin zafi ko ƙaiƙayi yayin yin fitsari

2. Yawan yin fitsari da ƙanƙantar yawan fitsarin

3. Fitsari mai hazo ko duhu

4. Fitsari mai wari

5. Ciwon mara, musamman ga mata

ALAMOMIN CIWON MAFITSARA (ga koda)

1. Rawar jiki

2. Tashin zuciya da amai

3. Ciwon baya (gefen koda)

4. Rikicewar tunani (musamman ga tsofaffi)

YADDA AKE GANE CIWON MAFITSARA

1. Gwajin fitsari (Urinalysis): Don duba sinadarai da kwayoyin cuta da suke ɗakafe da mutum.

2. Hoto (Ultrasound ko CT scan): Idan alamomin ciwon mafitsara ya yawaita ana son yin hoton ciki dan binciko aihin matsalar.

YADDA ZA'A KARE KAI DAGA CIWON MAFITSARA

1. Shan ruwa mai yawa

2. Yin fitsari bayan jima’i

3. Goge gaba daga gaba zuwa baya

4. Gujewa sabulai masu ƙamshi a farji

5. Kada

SCIENTIST